Blindness of Prejudice – to Kill a Mockingbird

Everyone forms first impressions about others, but to act upon these early impressions as definite conclusions about other people’s characters is the beginning of the unfavorable trait of prejudice. In Harper Lee’s story, To Kill a Mockingbird, a young girl, Scout grows up in the small, southern town of Maycomb, Alabama, where prejudice is heavy. Being a secluded community, rumors fly around rapidly in Maycomb, creating warped and exaggerated stories of the targets of the gossip.Harper Lee demonstrates through the causes and sources of the discrimination that prejudice is derived from appearances as well as influences from other people. Harper Lee uses Jem’s prejudice toward his neighbor, Boo Radley to illustrate that discrimination branches off of other people’s opinions. Scout discovers two pieces of chewing gum in an oak tree on the Radley lot one day, while coming home from school. When her brother, Jem realizes where she obtained her prize, he screams , â€Å"Don’t you know you’re not supposed to even touch the trees over there?You’ll get killed if you do! † (45). Jem’s prejudice toward Boo is based on the rumors, stories, and opinions he has heard from other citizens of Maycomb. Despite the fact that he has never seen, let alone met, their reclusive neighbor, Jem still speaks badly of Boo. He discriminates against Boo because of what he has heard, rather than what he has experienced personally. In addition, Harper Lee reveals through the white jury’s discrimination toward Tom Robinson, a poor, crippled black man, that appearances are a major factor contributing toward prejudice.While sitting in the courtroom, during Tom Robinson’s trial, Scout observes the jury and realizes that â€Å"All [Mr. Ewell] had that made him better than his nearest neighbors was†¦ his skin was white† (229). Race and skin color are huge contributors to prejudice in Maycomb. Black people are co nsidered to be of lesser value than white people. Despite the fact that the Ewells live under terrible conditions and have no manners or morals, they still manage to receive much more respect than any black person would warrant. Similarly, Lee demonstrates racism based on first impressions through Lula’s ignorant ideas of Jem and Scout.Calpurnia, their black maid, decides to bring Jem and Scout to the black church one day, where they are met by Lula, a black woman, who angrily declares, â€Å"You ain’t got no business bringin’ white chillun here – they got their church, we got our’n† (158). Lula’s views of white people are similar to the views white people have of black people. She is discriminating against Jem and Scout due to their appearances and skin color. Her ignorance creates a rift right away between her and the two children before she allows herself to know them better personally.By emphasizing the reasoning of those who are prejudiced toward others, Harper Lee ultimately reveals that prejudice is motivated by not only appearances but also opinions absorbed from other people. Throughout the novel, there was not a single circumstance where a person discriminated against another because of what they had seen or experienced. All cases of injustice were derived from at least one of many things: first impressions, physical features, rumors, etc. Lee’s morals leave a lasting impact on the readers. Prejudice will only end when people stop themselves from acting upon their pre-formed ideas of others.

Anti Terrorism

Philosophical arguments Retribution Supporters of the death penalty argued that death penalty is morally justified when applied in murder especially with aggravating elements such as multiple homicide, child murder, torture murder and mass killing such as [terrorism], massacre, or genocide. Some even argue that not applying death penalty in latter cases is patently unjust. This argument is strongly defended by New York law professor Robert Blecker [4], who says that the punishment must be painful in proportion to the crime.It would be unfair that those who have committed these horrible crimes stay alive, even incarcerated. Abolitionists argue that retribution is simply revenge and cannot be condoned. Others while accepting retribution as an element of criminal justice nonetheless argue that life without parole is a sufficient substitute. Human rights Abolitionists believe capital punishment is the worst violation of human rights, because the right to life is the most important, and j udicial execution violates it without necessity and inflicts to the condemned a psychological torture.Albert Camus wrote in a 1956 book called â€Å"Reflections on the Guillotine, Resistance, Rebellion & Death†: An execution is not simply death. It is just as different from the privation of life as a concentration camp is from prison. [†¦ ] For there to be an equivalency, the death penalty would have to punish a criminal who had warned his victim of the date at which he would inflict a horrible death on him and who, from that moment onward, had confined him at his mercy for months. Such a monster is not encountered in private life. 5] This view contradicts classic natural rights doctrine, which stresses that the right to life can be forfeited by grave misbehavior. [3] Practical arguments Wrongful execution Main article: Wrongful execution Capital punishment is often opposed on the grounds that innocent people will inevitably be executed. Supporters of capital punishment object that these lives have to be weighed against the far more numerous innocent people whose lives can be saved if the murderers are deterred by the prospect of being executed. [6] Between 1973 and 2005, 123 people in 25 states were released from death row when new evidence of their innocence emerged. 7] However, statistics likely understate the actual problem of wrongful convictions because once an execution has occurred there is often insufficient motivation and finance to keep a case open, and it becomes unlikely at that point that the miscarriage of justice will ever be exposed. Another issue is the quality of the defense in a case where the accused has a public defender. The competence of the defense attorney â€Å"is a better predictor of whether or not someone will be sentenced to death than the facts of the crime†. 8] Also, improper procedure may result in unfair executions. For example, Amnesty International argues that, in Singapore, â€Å"the Misuse of Drugs Act contains a series of presumptions which shift the burden of proof from the prosecution to the accused. This conflicts with the universally guaranteed right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty†. [9] This refers to a situation when someone is being caught with drugs. In this situation, in almost any jurisdiction, the prosecution has a prima facie case. Racial and gender factors in the United StatesAfrican Americans, though they currently make up only 12 percent of the general population, have made up 41 percent of death row inmates and 34 percent of those actually executed since 1976. [10] According to Craig Rice, a black member of the Maryland state legislature: â€Å"The question is, are more people of color on death row because the system puts them there or are they committing more crimes because of unequal access to education and opportunity? The way I was raised, it was always to be held accountable for your actions. â€Å"[11] As of 2010, women account for only 1. % (55 people) of inmates on death row, with men accounting for the other 98. 3% (3206). Since 1976, only 1. 0% (12) of those executed were women. [12] Deterrence The existence of a deterrence effect is disputed. Studies-especially older ones-differ as to whether executions deter other potential criminals from committing murder or other crimes. One reason that there is no general consensus on whether or not the death penalty is a deterrent is that it is used so rarely – only about one out of every 300 murders actually results in an execution. In 2005 in the Stanford Law Review, John J.Donohue III, a law professor at Yale with a doctorate in economics, and Justin Wolfers, an economist at the University of Pennsylvania, wrote that the death penalty â€Å"†¦ is applied so rarely that the number of homicides it can plausibly have caused or deterred cannot reliably be disentangled from the large year-to-year changes in the homicide rate caused by other factors†¦ The e xisting evidence for deterrence†¦ is surprisingly fragile. † Wolfers stated, â€Å"If I was allowed 1,000 executions and 1,000 exonerations, and I was allowed to do it in a random, focused way, I could probably give you an answer. [13] Naci Mocan, an economist at Louisiana State University, authored a study that looked at all 3,054 U. S. counties over two decades, and concluded that each execution saved five lives. Mocan stated, â€Å"I personally am opposed to the death penalty†¦ But my research shows that there is a deterrent effect. â€Å"[13] Joanna M. Shepherd, a law professor at Emory with a doctorate in economics who was involved in several studies on the death penalty, stated, â€Å"I am definitely against the death penalty on lots of different grounds†¦But I do believe that people respond to incentives. † Shepherd found that the death penalty had a deterrent effect only in those states that executed at least nine people between 1977 and 1996. In the Michigan Law Review in 2005, Shepherd wrote, â€Å"Deterrence cannot be achieved with a half-hearted execution program. â€Å"[13] The question of whether or not the death penalty deters murder usually revolves around the statistical analysis. Studies have produced disputed results with disputed significance. 14] Some studies have shown a positive correlation between the death penalty and murder rates[15] – in other words, they show that where the death penalty applies, murder rates are also high. This correlation can be interpreted in either that the death penalty increases murder rates by brutalizing society, or that higher murder rates cause the state to retain or reintroduce the death penalty. However, supporters and opponents of the various statistical studies, on both sides of the issue, argue that correlation does not imply causation.The case for a large deterrent effect of capital punishment has been significantly strengthened since the 1990s, as a wave of so phisticated econometric studies have exploited a newly-available form of data, so-called panel data. [6] Most of the recent studies demonstrate statistically a deterrent effect of the death penalty. [16] However, critics claim severe methodological flaws in these studies and hold that the empirical data offer no basis for sound statistical conclusions about the deterrent effect. 17] Surveys and polls conducted in the last 15 years show that some police chiefs and others involved in law enforcement may not believe that the death penalty has any deterrent effect on individuals who commit violent crimes. In a 1995 poll of randomly selected police chiefs from across the U. S. , the officers rank the death penalty last as a way of deterring or preventing violent crimes. They ranked it behind many other forms of crime control including reducing drug abuse and use, lowering technical barriers when prosecuting, putting more officers on the streets,and making prison sentences longer.They res ponded that a better economy with more jobs would lessen crime rates more than the death penalty[18] In fact, only one percent of the police chiefs surveyed thought that the death penalty was the primary focus for reducing crime. [19] However, the police chiefs surveyed were more likely to favor capital punishment than the general population. In addition to statistical evidence, psychological studies examine whether murderers think about the consequences of their actions before they commit a crime.Most homicides are spur-of-the-moment, spontaneous, emotionally impulsive acts. Murderers do not weigh their options very carefully in this type of setting (Jackson 27). It is very doubtful that killers give much thought to punishment before they kill (Ross 41). But some say the death penalty must be enforced even if the deterrent effect is unclear, like John McAdams, who teaches political science at Marquette University : â€Å"If we execute murderers and there is in fact no deterrent ef fect, we have killed a bunch of murderers.If we fail to execute murderers, and doing so would in fact have deterred other murders, we have allowed the killing of a bunch of innocent victims. I would much rather risk the former. This, to me, is not a tough call. â€Å"[20] This may be construed as contradicting the traditional legal view of Blackstone and the 12th Century legal scholar Maimonides whose oft-cited maxim is: â€Å"It is better and more satisfactory to acquit a thousand guilty persons than to put a single innocent one to death. Maimonides argued that executing a defendant on anything less than absolute certainty would lead to a slippery slope of decreasing burdens of proof, until we would be convicting merely â€Å"according to the judge's caprice. † Caprice of various sorts are more visible now with DNA testing, and digital computer searches and discovery requirements opening DA's files. Maimonides' concern was maintaining popular respect for law, and he saw er rors of commission as much more threatening than errors of omission. [21] Cass R.Sunstein and Adrian Vermeule, both of Harvard law school, however, have argued that if there is a deterrent effect it will save innocent lives, which gives a life-life tradeoff. â€Å"The familiar problems with capital punishment—potential error, irreversibility, arbitrariness, and racial skew—do not argue in favor of abolition, because the world of homicide suffers from those same problems in even more acute form. † They conclude that â€Å"a serious commitment to the sanctity of human life may well compel, rather than forbid, that form of punishment. â€Å"[6] Use of the death penalty on plea bargainSupporters of the death penalty, especially those who do not believe in the deterrent effect of the death penalty, say the threat of the death penalty could be used to urge capital defendants to plead guilty, testify against accomplices, or disclose the location of the victim's body. Norman Frink, a senior deputy district attorney in the state of Oregon, considers capital punishment a valuable tool for prosecutors. The threat of death leads defendants to enter plea deals for life without parole or life with a minimum of 30 years—-the two other penalties, besides death, that Oregon allows for aggravated murder. 22] In a plea agreement reached with Washington state prosecutors, Gary Ridgway, a Seattle-area man who admitted to 48 murders since 1982 accepted a sentence of life in prison without parole. Prosecutors spared Ridgway from execution in exchange for his cooperation in leading police to the remains of still-missing victims. [23][24][25] Cost Recent studies show that executing a criminal costs more than life imprisonment does. Many states have found it cheaper to sentence criminals to life in prison than to go through the time-consuming and bureaucratic process of executing a convicted criminal.Donald McCartin, an Orange County, California Jurist fam ous for sending nine men to death row during his career, has said, â€Å"It's 10 times more expensive to kill [criminals] than to keep them alive. † [26] This exclamation is actually low according to a June 2011 study by former death penalty prosecutor and federal judge Arthur L. Alarcon, and law professor Paula Mitchell. According to Alarcon and Mitchell, California has spent $4 billion on the death penalty since 1978, and death penalty trials are 20 times more expensive than trials seeking a sentence of life in prison without possibility of parole. 27] Death penalty proponents disagree, saying the study claiming the costs of the death penalty outweigh implementing life without parole is prepared by an anti-death penalty. [28] When califonians voters voted in 2012 about proposition 34, which aimed to abolish the death penalty, the cost was the main argument of proponents of the proposition in theirs TV ads, and was also written on the ballot. The argument may have convinced some death penalty supporters, but the proposition was rejeted with 53% of the vote against it

Water in architecture and water spaces: look, touch, feel

The paper focuses on how the presence of H2O & A ; # 8211 ; either as a characteristic or a map & A ; # 8211 ; enriches the design of public edifices, and how this relationship is perceived through centripetal human experience. Four instance surveies are used. Case analyze one is the Roman bath composite at Bath, Avon ; instance survey two is an early Modernist design of a glass marquee by Bruno Taut ; instance survey three is an illustration of a Post Modernist plaza in New Orleans designed by Charles. W. Moore ; and instance analyze four is the modern-day design of a thermic baths in Vals, Switzerland by Peter Zumthor. In each instance there will be an analysis of the architectural design including facets such as symmetricalness and balance, coloring material, texture, stuffs, signifier, and graduated table. Findingss will include how H2O is used in the design infinite and its consequence upon the human senses. The survey expects to see a strong relationship between the presence of H2O and the environing design of the edifice. Furthermore, the survey hopes to set up a difference in the relationship between the centripetal experience of the two instance surveies where H2O is used as an aesthetic characteristic and has no practical map compared to the two baths where H2O is used to bathe in. The surveies are ordered chronologically to enable clear designation of the germinating architectural differences between the ancient bath edifice, and the two 20th century illustrations. Probe aims to research the potency of H2O as an instrument to help the designer ‘s efforts at making semblance. Aspects such as coloring material, and representation of signifier will be analysed in the two 20th century illustrations. The survey will climax with the modern-day invention and dynamism so supremely represented in the work of Peter Zumthor. In this 4th and most of import chapter the work aims to place how modern-day developments in architectural design & A ; # 8211 ; in comparing with the older instance surveies & A ; # 8211 ; expands and enriches the relationship between H2O and the human senses. Methodology The information for this survey was collected through documental research. Chapter one draws from Barry Cunliffe ‘s Roman Bath Discovered as a primary beginning and archeological context.The baths went through several phases of development before they were abandoned: this survey will utilize the simple program of the first phase as an illustration to avoid any confusion. Because of the age of the instance survey it is non possible to retroflex with certainty the exact nature of the centripetal experience of utilizing the baths. Therefore some guesss had to be conjectural based on the archeological and architectural grounds used. Throughout the thesis I will pull on Veronica Strang ‘s book The Meaning of Water ( 2003 ) which provides a utile penetration into the nature of the component in treatment. In the survey of Bruno Taut ‘s glass marquee the centripetal experience will besides hold to incorporate a conjectural component based on documental research as the marqu ee itself no longer stands. For chapter four, cyberspace beginnings were used in concurrence with diaries and books to turn up a firsthand history of the centripetal experience of Peter Zumthor ‘s baths. As a reasonably recent design of a comparatively unwritten about designer it was hard to turn up a diverseness of beginnings for the baths so the chapter will pull chiefly from articles both from cyberspace beginnings and from publications. IntroductionThe first chapter will look at the Roman Baths in Bath, Avon. It will research the relationship between the architectural design, the stuffs used, and the human senses, concentrating on the original program of the baths in their first stage as depicted by Cunliffe ( 1971 ) . This chapter will introductory to the survey as it will convey into treatment facets such as the relationship between the inside and outside of the edifice as perceived through human centripetal experience, and the atmospheric effects created by thermic Waterss which will be explored more exhaustively in the concluding chapter. It will measure facets of the Roman design such as symmetricalness, coloring material, and ornament and how these might hold enriched the bathing experience. Chapter two uses the instance survey of a glass marquee, imagined by the poet Paul Scheerbart, and designed by Bruno Taut in 1914. The cosmetic construction was designed to be exhibited at the Werkbund exhibition and was demolished shortly after. The H2O characteristic is centrally placed, designed to reflect the changing visible radiation through the motley glass panels of the environment. Its vision of a Utopian signifier of architecture utilizing glass prisms provides a alone contrast to the functionally aesthetic Roman baths. It will be used to develop the thought of architecture proving the boundaries between the perceptual experience of interior and exterior and between public and private infinite. The presence of the H2O and its interaction with the visible radiation from the marquee ‘s colored glass means that these constructs are explored through centripetal experience. Using relevant beginning stuff this chapter constructs an independent reading of Bruno Taut ‘s design, concentrating on its interior round signifier and tiered infinite.In Chapter Three the instance survey used will be the Piazza d'Italia built by Charles W. Moore between 1974 and 1978 for the Italian community of New Orleans. The Post-Modernist design is characterised by Moore ‘s dry reading of historical signifiers of architecture placed around a fountain in the form of Italy. The survey provides a utile contrast to the old illustrations & A ; # 8211 ; it raises inquiries of how symmetricalness in architectural design affects the centripetal perceptual experiences. The focal point of the construction is the H2O characteristic which serves as a self-contradictory unifier and centrifuge of the experience. Furthermore, this illustration brings into treatment the construct of a more complex relationship between the human senses and H2O in architecture which will climax in the concluding chapter. Chapter four concerns the thermic baths at Vals, Switzerland, designed by Peter Zumthor in 1996. This last and most of import chapter purposes to convey together facets of the three old illustrations through analysis of a modern-day design. The focal point will be on Zumnor ‘s inventive reading of the usage of H2O in a natural environment. Research into his combination of proficient invention and sensitive perceptual experience hopes to set up how H2O can be used in modern-day architectural design to enrich the centripetal human experience. Study will besides concentrate on facets of the design such as the careful attending paid to accomplishing balance and integrity & A ; # 8211 ; through characteristics such as the combination of different stuffs used. Features of the earlier instance surveies & A ; # 8211 ; such as the ambiguity of signifier in Moore ‘s plaza are discussed in visible radiation of Zumthor ‘s design of the baths ‘ inside. Finally, the survey will measure how successful Zumthor ‘s illustration is in unifying traditional constructs in a modern-day infinite.The Roman Bath Buildings at Avon, Bath.During the first century AD the Temple of Minerva and the baths were built at Bath over a thermic spring. As portion of the edifice procedure an enclosed reservoir was constructed with the point at which the H2O poured into the drain being unfastened with a flight of big stairss from a platform above, leting visitants to acquire near to the beginning of the H2O. The gap through which the H2O was accessed boasted an impressive archway ‘creating the feeling of the steamy H2O fluxing through the oral cavity of a cave from the Centre of the Earth. ‘ ( Cunliffe 1971, p.26 ) . The original entryway hall boasted three monolithic Windowss through which could be seen the sacred spring and the communion table beyond. The Great Bath would originally hold been covered by a masonry vaulted ceiling besides with big Windowss in its 2nd grade home base xxiv cunliffe. Roman glass was translucent so the baths would non hold been lit every bit good as an unfastened air pool. This means that there would hold been no positions from the Windowss and small Sun, ensuing in minimum interaction between the experience of being inside the edifice and the conditions outside. It appears that the lighting of the constitution took 2nd topographic point to the administration of infinite within the inside. Aside from the Great Bath the block contained two smaller Chamberss & A ; # 8211 ; the calidarium ( hot room ) , and tepidarium ( a warm acclimatising room ) ( Rook 1992, p.23-4 ) , and another smaller swimming bath now known as the Lucas bath. ( Cunliffe 1971, p.45 ) . High vaulted infinites covered the thermic Waterss of the Great Bath to let the steam to rise.As Macdonald says of this manner of Roman roof, ‘the main key to the sort of centripetal reaction or emotional response evoked by these edifices was the capacity of their concave forms to bring on an feeling of spread outing or lifting hollowness. ‘ ( 1982, p.176 ) The perceptual experience of infinite inside the baths would so hold been altered as the swimmer left the little heated altering suites and entered the country of the Great Bath. The warm bubbling H2O, with the ice chest tranquil infinite above would hold created two contrasting, yet complementary, centripetal experiences. This design meant that the activity of the H2O environment could be enjoyed while the oculus followed the way of lifting bluess, going upwards to the still repose of the vaulted roof. Leting the oculus to go, while bodily staying in the same topographic point would hold been an built-in portion of th e relaxation procedure. The tallness of the ceiling would hold besides added to the atmosphere by doing sounds to repeat. White limestone surrounded the bath which would hold been smooth to the touch, and excavated grounds suggests that statues and other shrine-like images decorated the inside, with a fountain in the Centre. It is possible to conceive of how the continually altering province of the Waterss would hold played upon the environing surfaces of the ornament, looking to bring forth fluctuations in coloring material and texture. As Veronica Strang says in her publication on H2O: The hypnotic qualities of H2O are of peculiar involvement in sing centripetal perceptual experience and the creative activity of significance. Schiffman ( 1996:101 ) notes that the oculus is automatically drawn to wavering or traveling stimulations, and Gell ( 1992 ) and Morphy ( 1991, 1992, 1994 ) have shown that shimmering or visually exciting forms can excite affectional responses in many different cultural contexts. The play and glare of H2O provide ocular stimulation that are rather different from those of most objects. The ocular involvement of inanimate objects is gleaned by the oculus actively following the signifier and coloring material and item. With H2O ( & amp ; # 8230 ; ) the oculus is presented with a luminescent image it can non ‘hold ‘ . Alternatively, it must merely absorb all of the beat of motion and the bantam displacements and alterations. ( 2003, p.51 ) . As in modern-day swimming baths it is likely that the Romans would hold enjoyed sitting beside the H2O to watch the drama of visible radiation and absorb the ambiance. From the remains found at Bath it appears that the design included sing countries: the bath itself lay in the Centre of an aisled hall 109ft long by 67ft broad, divided into a nave and two side aisles, or ambulatories, by uninterrupted arcades framed with pilasters and entablature like those in the entryway hall. Each ambulatory was provided with three exedrae, a cardinal rectangular deferral with semicircular 1s on either side, each framed by wharfs back uping arches in harmoniousness with the chief arcades. ( Cunliffe 1976, p.45 ) . These deferrals, placed within a symmetric program, would hold provided topographic points for people to sit and see the baths, while the uninterrupted arcades would hold led the line of vision around the inside, with the consequence of there being no beginning or terminal. This continuity of signifier in the chief country reflects its map as a consolidative infinite in two ways: one, architecturally associating the four different countries of the edifice, and two, supplying a public infinite befitting of the societal map of bathing itself which brought people together. To help the construct of bathing as a societal and a sacred experience certain characteristics were designed to appeal to the human senses. The floors and walls were decorated with mosaic forms in different colorss ; contrasts of coloring material being common in Roman architecture ( Macdonald 1982, p.176 ) , and as portion of the roof structures there stood tall columns in the cosmetic Corinthian manner. As a sacred topographic point, dedicated to Minerva, the therapist, visitants were tempted to throw offerings into the sacred H2O of the spring in hope of their wants being granted. The act of separating with money or something beloved is a ritual made possible by the spring being situated beneath the chief entryway hall. Excavations in 1878 by Mann discovered valuable offerings including pewter decorations, a gold earring, and a pin with a pearl attached. ( Cunliffe 1976, p.28 ) . The presence of the H2O beginning provides an temptation to the baths within, and moreover the gesture of the spring beneath would hold created a rich bubbling pool easy transforming the solid masonry and concrete walls into an aesthetically delighting yet functional infinite. The architecture of the baths edifice appears to hold been wholly devoted to the rite of bathing itself which occurred indoors. As Michael Wheeler says in Roman Art and Architecture ( 2001 ) :you went to the baths in great Numberss to speak to and about your friends and to work off the night-before. But one thing you surely did non make ; you ne'er glanced at the untidy composite of domes and gables outdoors as you entered. It was the interior of the edifice that mattered, with its looming wall-spaces that stretched the heads of designer and sculpturer and gave a sense of wellbeing to patron or client. ( p.16 ) . The experience of bathing was completed in a series of phases. The swimmers foremost entered the dressing room to alter, so after being anointed with oil proceeded to the series of chief bathing suites that varied in temperature ( net ref. 1 ) . In the calidarium swimmers had their organic structures scraped of oil and sweat, before come ining the frigidarium ( cold room ) , where there was a little cold pool. The swimmer so entered the Great Bath. The Romans had no quantitative measurings for temperature, ( Rook 1992, p.13 ) and despite the usage of the walls as warming in concurrence with under floor warming at that place would hold been comparatively small control over humidness compared to modern-day bath composites. Walls would hold been damp from capillary wet oozing up through the porous edifice stuffs and from condensation when heater humid air came into contact with colder surfaces. This meant that the visible radiation and heat of the bath might hold varied harmonizing to h ow many other people were utilizing it at the clip. Surely, these baths were designed to look their best when full of people & A ; # 8211 ; when the Waterss were traveling and the steam rise and breakage in the infinite above. The baths were alone in that they provided a extremely esteemed environment ( baths were frequently owned by emperors ) where personal rite could be conducted in a public infinite & A ; # 8211 ; which merely the presence of the H2O would let. The baths were ‘people ‘s castles, supplying a cultural focal point where everyone could bask luxury on a imperial graduated table every twenty-four hours. ‘ ( Rook 1992, p.20 ) . It is non hard to conceive of the many different odors & A ; # 8211 ; of different scented oils, steam, and hot organic structures. The baths composite was a wealth of money, leisure and animal experience, and the different stuffs used in the design reflect this. In the hall of the Great Bath lead lined the pool which met with the limestone beside it. This contrast of stuff was continued throughout in the broken signifiers of mosaic form interspersed with bronzy objects such as a bronze penstock in the north-east corner of the chief bath. ( Cunliffe 1 976, p.45 ) .As expected there appears to be a close relationship between the design of the baths at Avon and the centripetal experience of the spring H2O which was both a functional and an aesthetic feature.These two facets appear to hold been built-in to one another and it will be interesting to see how the relationship between architectural design and the human senses alters in the following instance survey where H2O within the glass marquee is present strictly for aesthetic grounds.The Glass Pavilion designed by Bruno Taut for the Werkbund Exhibition, 1914.This instance analyze expressions at the interplay between H2O, visible radiation, and the senses in the early Modern Expressionist design of Bruno Taut ‘s glass marquee. The building was commissioned by poet Peter Scheerbart who dreamed of a ‘soaring glass architecture ‘ as a liberating up of architectural design. ( Crasemann Collins 1962, p.12 ) . It was a fourteen-sided prism roofed by a dome with bluish, green, and gold glass panels which reflected the sky. ( Ward 2001, p.65 ) . Inside was a seven-tiered chamber whose walls were made of glass panels lined with glass mosaic, and a round stairway & A ; # 8211 ; an ‘unreal, spiritual flight of stepss that one descends as if through scintillating H2O ‘ ( Pehnt 1973, p.76 ) . On the lower degree there was a rotunda with a pool and H2O cascading down superimposed stairss so that the going sound of H2O would hold echoed up to the highest grade. Taut claimed that the construction had been designed in the spirit of a Gothic cathedral. As Kenneth Frampton ( 1994 ) says, ‘In consequence a ‘city Crown ‘ , that pyramidic signifier postulated by Taut as the cosmopolitan paradigm of all spiritual edifice, which together with the religion it would animate was an indispensable urban component for the restructuring of society. ‘ ( p.116 ) . This remark is reflected in the usage of H2O as a symbolic unifier in two ways. First as a physical presence that mirrors the refracted visible radiation from the glass panels, making a harmonic balance between floor and ceiling and a sense of integrity within the construction, and secondly as something that all living things and people need and understand as an indispensable portion of life & A ; # 8211 ; an indispensable ingredient if you like of Taut ‘s Utopian ideal. When standing at the top of the H2O cascade it was possible to see upwards through the round infinite in the center to the curving infinite of the upper grades beyond. This provided a ocular contrast between the fluid downward motion of H2O and the curving pyramidic signifier of the roof above. Further ocular delectations were to be found in the wealth of colorss used in the design. The cascade of H2O travelled over pale xanthous glass, ‘terminating in a deferral of deep violet in which images were projec ted from a kaleidoscope. ‘ ( Pehnt 1973, p.76. ) The presence of the H2O served to unite people ‘s experience of the visible radiation into one ocular constituent. Because this building was non designed to be a lasting construction it did non necessitate to run into the heavy physical demands of wear and tear. Thus it is more aesthetically delighting than the Roman bath edifice, which in many ways was more functional.The aisled hall of the baths had a basic rectangular signifier surrounded by solid rock masonry which gave the edifice a sense of permanency. In contrast, the round signifier of Taut ‘s skeletal construction would non hold stood by itself: the upper hall was domed with different colored glass panels set into strengthened concrete ribs and relied on the stiffening consequence of the panels for stableness. The aesthetic map of the arched roof has non changed since the clip of the Roman baths at Avon ; in both structures the opening out of the roof provides infinite in which the head is set free to see the animal delectations of the inside. Yet what differs in Taut ‘s marquee is the temporalty of the construction. The tall ness creates a self-contradictory feeling of impermanent permanency & A ; # 8211 ; a brief feeling that one is about liberated from the confines of earthly constructions into the kingdom of the sky & A ; # 8211 ; while the presence of the running H2O beneath reminds the spectator that they are still on Earth. In a 1928 essay on ‘The Aestheticss of Architecture, ‘ Bruno Taut spoke of his ‘love for clean smoothness ‘ ( quoted from Ward 2001, p.56. ) This doctrine is echoed in design of the marquee where the visible radiation which is cast down through the glass surrounds hits the lower grade and is instantly washed off and diffused by the running H2O. As Strang ( 2003, p.50 ) says, ‘the most changeless ‘quality ‘ of H2O is that it is non changeless, but is characterised by commutability and sensitiveness to alterations in the environment. ‘ Thus it is possible to visualize the experience of the marquee: the senses being continually stimulated by the changeableness and reverberation of the H2O, the shifting visible radiation through the glass and its contemplation in the H2O, even the odor of the humidness & A ; # 8211 ; all of which are at the same time and subtly altering harmonizing to the nature of the conditions outside. It is non difficul t to conceive of how a flicker of Sun might all of a sudden hold transformed the marquee into a thousand inkling pieces. Furthermore, the seven grades allow the witness to command their centripetal experience by traveling as near and as far off from the altering visible radiation forms as they desire. Differing degrees which induced different experiences was non a characteristic of the design in the Roman baths but a parallel can be drawn between this facet of the marquee and the galleried hallway of the baths where the populace could see the spring beneath. In the comparing between the two instance surveies so far, the rite of bathing with its associated centripetal delectations becomes replaced by the rite of aesthetic and centripetal grasp entirely & amp ; # 8211 ; without the H2O holding any practical map whatsoever. It provides an indispensable focal point, take awaying attending off from what would otherwise be a cold empty infinite. As Strang ( 2003 ) says of the belongingss of H2O: Physically, it is the ultimate ‘fluid ‘ , make fulling any containing form and, every bit easy, shriveling and vanishing into the Earth or vaporizing into the quintessence. It has an extraordinary ability to transfigure quickly into substances with oppositional qualities, that is, the extremely seeable, concrete solidness of ice, and the fugitive dematerialisation of steam. Each province is infinitely reversible, so that this polymorphous scope is ever potentially present. ( p.49 ) . It is this changeableness and potency of H2O that enables the marquee to map as a dynamic public, yet personal, edifice. The tiered degrees above allow room for private contemplation in a public infinite. It is clear that the map of the H2O differs to that of the Roman baths, nevertheless, the aesthetic experience in both fulfils a axiom quoted by Walter Gropius & A ; # 8211 ; that ‘art is none other than the transmutation of supramundane ideas into objects of centripetal perceptual experience. ‘ ( quoted from Pehnt 1973, p.35 ) . In footings of the baths at Avon and Taut ‘s marquee, what could hold been an ordinary ‘mundane ‘ experience & A ; # 8211 ; the act of bathing, the observation of an cosmetic construction, & A ; # 8211 ; is transformed by the design of the edifice in concurrence with the presence of H2O and its consequence on the senses into something extraordinary. The round signifier of the interior creates a bubble where the witness becomes isolated from the outside universe ; the altering visible radiation and the motion of H2O making a sense of eternity. As Simon Urwin ( 2003, pp.125-6 ) says: every organic structure has around it what might be called a ‘circle of presence ‘ that contributes to its ain designation of topographic point. When a organic structure is in relationship with others, their circles of presence affect each other. When a organic structure is put into an enclosure or cell its circle of presence is besides contained and possibly moulded. If this is true so the centripetal experience of the person in the marquee would be shaped by the round presences of the grades and the H2O below climaxing in a rich and permanent personal experience. In the Roman bath edifice we see a all right contrast to this experience & A ; # 8211 ; where the functional facet of the H2O would hold caused Urwin ‘s ‘circles of presence ‘ to be broken down so that public and private infinite become one. Indeed Taut himself stared that he demanded ‘no differentiation between public and private edifices. ‘ ( quoted from Jencks 1985, p.61 ) . As a concluding point for the instance of the marquee, it is deserving sing the really construction itself and the infinite it contains. Its map & A ; # 8211 ; although non practical like the baths & A ; # 8211 ; is to supply an intermediary topographic point between the exposure of the out-of-doorss and the confines of the indoors, a infinite out of clip. The usage of different colored glass creates a absorbing interplay between visible radiation and H2O while making an enclosure without the feeling of being enclosed. This brings up interesting issues associating to the boundaries of interior and exterior which will be looked at in greater item when comparing these surveies to Zumthor ‘s work subsequently on. The following instance survey explores an unfastened air piazza the design of which provides a blunt contrast to Taut ‘s marquee. The chapter aims to place the germinating complexness of the relationship between architectural design, H2O and the senses & A ; # 8211 ; traveling on now to an illustration built in 1974.

Career Aspirations and Reflection on Skills Development Essay

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The assignment should be presented as a Journal opinion article and Essay - 1

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Health and Social Care Essay Example for Free

Health and Social Care Essay Explain how a working relationship is different from a personal relationship 1. A working relationship is different because of boundaries, professional codes of conduct, employer policies and procedures. In your working relationship you would be friendly have a different approach treat with equality you would know your role and responsibility you would not share personal information as you friends. 2. You work with different people doctors family colleagues give examples of how these are different 3. As this sets out boundaries in your job role , enables you to know your role and responsibilities, knowing your own level of competence and skills, to know your job description Describe two types of working relationship in health and social care settings Relationships are probably the most involved and emotionally charged area of our lives. From the moment we are born we form relationships, each one requiring something different from us and giving us something different in return. In the health and social care setting there are many different working relationships. These relationships will include: colleagues, manager, other professionals such as doctors/district nurse, service users and their family and friends Describe why it is important to adhere to the agreed scope of the job role It is important to adhere to the agreed scope of the job role as this sets out boundaries in your job role, enables you to know your role and responsibilities. Knowing your own level of competence and skills, knowing your job description. How do you access full and up to date details of agreed ways of working in your line of work? Agreed ways of working is working within the rules set out by your employer. Following policies and procedures of the company. Important to have up to date agreed ways of working as there may be changes in policies within the law. Your company may have to implement them to help protect the vulnerable Explain two way it is important agreed ways of working at your work place When people are deeply upset about something, they need to get their story out. This is a basic principle of mediation and one that’s important to remember. Often in a conflict, the parties are so focused on minutiae that they lose sight of the big picture and its implications. As the mediator, you need to bring people back to reality by wrenching their attention away from the grain of sand and having them focus on the whole beach. Doing so may help resolution arrive at a startling speed. Explain two way it is important to work in partnership with others Partnership can be formed between a number of individuals, agencies or organisations with a shared interest. Partnerships are often formed to address specific issues and have a common reason for working together and could often formed to target a short or long term issues. In order to achieve a good partnership partners need to communicate, co-ordinate, co- operate. There are two types of partnership working: multi agency working and integrated working. Multi agency working and an integrated working Identify skills and approaches needed for resolving conflicts Increased understanding: The discussion needed to resolve conflict expands peoples awareness of the situation, giving them an insight into how they can achieve their own goals without undermining those of other people. Increased group cohesion: When conflict is resolved effectively, team members can develop stronger mutual respect, and a renewed faith in their ability to work together. Improved self-knowledge: Conflict pushes individuals to examine their goals in close detail, helping them understand the things that are most important to them, sharpening their focus, and enhancing their effectiveness. Define person centred values Person centred values means the people whom we support are able to be involved and included in every aspect of their care and support. For example: * their needs,* Assessments, * Care delivery, and, * Support planning. EXPLAIN WHY IT IS IMPORTANT TO WORK IN A WAY THAT EMBEDS PERSON CENTRED VALUES. It is important to do this as person centred approaches, policies and procedures, as well as care practices should always put the people whom we support at the centre of the day-to-day activities, as well as including the residents and their families in the planning and maintaini ng of this. Explain why risk taking can be part of a person centred approach Taking risks means that you are able to choose and be in control of what you do. You need to ensure that concerns about taking risks is not stopping you living the way you want to. A risk assessment can always be carried out to see if it is possible for someone to do something that they thought would not be possible. Explain how using an individual’s care plan contributes to working in a person centred way Using an individuals care plan will ensure that the persons own needs and wishes are being met, rather than offering them a choice of what is available. Using their care plan, you can build on what they want and see where there are gaps that need to be addressed. How do you find out the history, preferences, wishes and needs of the individual? 1. You need to know their history because it may affect their care plan for example a client (service user) who has been abused will need extra support. This also includes all past health issues and possible behaviour. 2. Part of working for equality and a high standard of care it is essential that client’s wishes are expressed. This is like anyone else on the planet. A major part of the wishes possess involves their deaths i. e. , would they like to buried, would they like someone to have some of their possessions. 3. To be able to formulate a care plan you must first find out what level of care a client needs going on their individual needs. Some clients may need extra support with washing/dressing. Other may need extra therapies such as hydro or music. How do you apply person centred values in day today work taking into account the history, preferences, wishes and needs of the individual? Government policy should be founded on a clear, ambitious and measurable goal to improve the experience of patients and service users and to be delivered by a defined date. Setting an ambitious goal to improve patient experience should be reinforced by enhanced guarantees to patients with complex needs. These guarantees would include an entitlement to an agreed care plan, a named case manager responsible for co-ordinating care, and access to tableware and a personal health budget where appropriate. Explain the importance of establishing consent when providing care or support It is important to establish consent because it is a basic human right for everyone to have the choice. Much of the treatment or support the individual receives is either invasive or personal, so consent is essential as it protects providers against legal challenge. Asking for consent is also part of the codes of practice for social care. Explain what steps to take if consent cannot be readily established A capacity assessment by a qualified professional should be carried out to see if the individual has the capacity to make decisions. These steps should be taken by professionals as stated in five principles set on in the Mental Capacity Act 2005. Describe how active participation benefits an individual Active participation is an approach that enables individuals to be included in their care and have a greater say in how they live their life in ways that matter to them. The benefits of active participation can be divided into primary benefits and secondary benefits. Identify three possible barriers to active participation Physical benefits including greater activity levels. Increased independence and autonomy in what people do. An opportunity for individuals in health and social care settings to have a say in matters of direct concern to their lives. Support an individual to make informed choices Learning to communicate in an effective way and using this to inform the client of all possible choices. Everyone on this planet can communicate in one form or another you need to take the time to learn how every individual client communicates. Explain how you can use agreed risk assessments Process to support the right to make choices People who work in health and social care constitute a large and diverse workforce looking after a predominantly vulnerable population. Employees have the right to work in a healthy and safe workplace, and the people using services are entitled to care and support that is safe and takes their needs, freedom and dignity into account. Explain why a worker’s personal view should not influence an individual’s choices The consequences are that the individual making the choice may make a decision that they might later regret or worse, that has a devastating impact on their life. A person should never make a decision based purely on the personal views of others but should instead gather all the available information and decide for themselves what course of action is right for them its a case of what is good for the goose isnt always good for the gander. Describe how support an individual to question or challenge decisions conceding them that are made by others They have the right to make their own choices and decisions under the Human Rights Act, as long as the decisions they make do not put them at risk of harm or injury and they have the mental capacity to make them. You could support them to question or challenge by speaking on their behalf but you would need to know exactly what their wishes are, and record it for them to sign. Explain how individual identity and self-esteem are linked with well being Because if you dont feel good about yourself or dont have a sense of purpose or identity you tend to feel more depressed therefore your wellbeing will be effected Describe attitudes and approaches that are likely to promote an individual’s well being Using what service in adult care? Do you mean the service OF adult care? Those who give care should show respect for the elderly; be courteous, but also be friendly. Call the person by his/her last name unless invited to use the first. Dont assume that ALL elderly people have forgotten everything they ever knew and are only good at bingo anymore. Support an individual in a way that promotes a sense of identity and self-esteem The first thing is that the person is an individual in their own right you need to understand what they are about and not judge, pick the bright nuggets of information and use this as a a springboard to encourage self-esteem and their self-image. As they talk about themselves you will be able to get a sense of self and where they are in their image. You need to feedback to them what was said as positive rather than the negative if they say Ii am always failing reply with really, you at least have the guts to try something out of your comfort zone not everyone can do it the negatives must be turned to positives but it takes time and consistency and as their self-worth and esteem improves you will find they will need less and less re-enforcing Demonstrate ways to contribute to an environment that promotes wellbeing Donation centres have drop-off points for returning old things for sale to help charitable areas. The scouts, Goodwill stores do these things. Roadside, creek, gulley, beach and parks welcome clean-up crews: volunteers who help together to pick up careless refuse, windblown trash. Identify legislation relating to general health and safety in a health or social care work setting Legislations/codes of practice relating to general health and safety in a health or social care work setting are: The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974; Riddor 1995, COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health); Manual Handling operations regulations 1992; Health And Safety (First aid regulations 1981); Fire protection (Workplace) Regulations 1997; Food Safety Act 1990; Personal Protective Equipment and Management of Health and safety at work regulations 1999. Describe two main points of the health and safety policies and procedures agreed with the employer The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 is the main piece of legislation that covers work related health and safety in the workplace. The main points of the health and safety policies and procedures agreed with the employer are Minimum handling and lifting; Ensure handling and lifting is carried out correctly and safely; Making sure all materials/equipment that is needed to be used is handled, stored and used safely; To be aware of any potential hazards and risks and how to reduce to liability of any accidents occurring; To be responsible for your own welfare and the welfare of others you are looking after; To wear the correct PPE at all times; Outline the main health and safety responsibilities of: Self The employer or manager Other in the work setting The main responsibilities for yourself whilst at work in a health and social care setting are to not put yourself or others at risk, to report any hazards or unsafe conditions, to co-operate with your employers, to not tamper with or misuse equipment provided, to attend training, be aware of and follow policies and procedures. Identify tasks relating to health and safety that should not be carried out without special training It generally takes special training to repair teeth. Prescribing medicine takes special training also. Explain how to access additional support and important relating to health and safety 1. Protect service users from harm and abuse 2. Be personally fit at work 3. Maintain health and safety at work 4. Assess risk associated with work 5. Report incidents at work Exampling why it is important to access health and safety hazards posed but the working set or by particular activities Than the individual will know how to behave when it comes to that specific situation Explain how and when to report potential health and safety risks that have been identified You should report it immediately to your supervisor. You do not need to wait for an inspection team to come by. In fact, health and safety legislation requires employees to report hazards to their supervisor. Explain how risk assessments can help address dilemmas between rights and health and safety concerns This follows from the previous dilemma question. Carrying out a risk assessment supports the individual to have their choice met in the safest way possible. For example, Freda doesnt want to use her Zimmer frame any more. A risk assessment might show her that she cant walk safely without some support, however she can manage with two sticks and she agrees to compromise. You have supported her rights of choice and kept her as safe as you can under your duty of care. Describe different types of accidents and sudden illness that may occur in own work setting Cuts and burns etc. in the kitchen, falls, back injuries though poor lifting techniques, strokes, heart attacks, diabetic emergencies, asthma attacks, allergic reactions and so on. Outline the procedures to be followed if an accident or sudden illness should occur Procedures to be followed: ensuring and maintaining safety for individuals concerned and others e. g.clearing the area, safely moving equipment if possible; remaining calm; sending for help; assessing the individual for injuries; administering basic first aid if necessary and if trained to do so; staying with the injured/sick individual until help arrives; observing and noting any changes in condition; providing a full verbal report to relevant medical staff or others; completing a full written report and relevant documentation e. g. acci dent report, incident report; understanding the policies, procedures and agreed ways of working for the work setting Identify legislation that relates to moving and handling This remains the basis of health and safety legislation, and Sets out the general duties which employers have towards employees and members of the public, and employees have to themselves and to each other (HSE, 1996) HSE leaflet Health and Safety Regulation (HSC 13) 1996 The Act states that employers must ensure, as far as reasonably practicable, the health, safety and welfare of their employees whilst at work and any other persons affected by their business activities. The Act is a general piece of legislation and not specific to moving and handling so is not considered here in detail. Explain principles for moving and handling equipment and other objects safely The Manual Handling Operations Regulations define it as any transporting or supporting of a load (including the lifting, putting down, pushing, pulling, carrying or moving thereof) by hand or by bodily force. In effect, any activity that requires an individual to lift, move or support a load, will be classified as a manual handling task. Identify three hazardous substances and materials that may be found in the working setting Asphyxiates Pesticides Medicines Cosmetics or Substances produced in the chemical processes Storing hazardous substances Using hazardous substances Substituting it with another substance which presents less, or no risk; Using another process which doesnt create a hazardous form of that substance. Disposing of hazardous substances and materials asbestos lead-acid batteries used engine oils and oil filters oily sludge’s solvents and solvent-based substances chemical wastes pesticides fluorescent light tubes Starting Good practice in health and safety is good for your business – and its the law. HSE is here to help – our online advice and tools can help save you time and effort getting started. Spreading Outline emergency procedures to be followed in the event of a fire in the work setting How you react in the event of fire depends on how well you have prepared for a fire emergency. Therefore, departments should ensure that all employees are familiar with the procedure to follow in the event of an emergency as outlined in the Universitys Emergency Plan. Explain why it is important to have security systems for recording and storing information in a health and social care setting Mainly because of HIPPA (Health Insurance Accounting and Portability Act) laws, which are designed to protect the medical records information of all patients. Because of HIPPA, hospital computer systems are accessed by employees via passwords, and unless an employee is entering or legitimately looking up information on a patient, that employee is not allowed to snoop through that patients records on a whim. Describe how to access guidance information and advice about handling information in your line of work ineffective or insufficiently trained management unfair treatment unclear job roles poor communications poor work environment lack of equal opportunities bullying and harassment unresolved problems from the past an increase in workload Explain what actions to take at working when there are concerns ever over the recording, storing or sharing of information The Data Protection Act requires you to process personal data fairly and lawfully. This section explains how to comply with this requirement, and gives examples of good practice in handling personal data. Explain employee’s roles and responsibilities in relation to the prevention and control of infection Prevention and control of infection The employee’s role and responsibilities include: To ensure that their own health and hygiene not pose a risk to service users and colleagues To ensure effective hand washing is carried out when working with service users, giving personal care, handling/preparing food. To ensure they use protective clothing provided when needed and appropriate. Explain employer’s responsibilities in relation to the prevention and control of infection Employers’ roles and responsibilities include: making sure employees are aware of the health and safety aspects of their work (e. g. posting information on notice boards, keeping an information file such as COSHH, training, and providing supervision) the need to keep records in relation to infection control using appropriate documentation to ensure that the relevant standards, policies and guidelines are available within the workplace Outline current legislation and regulatory body standards when are relevant to the prevention and control of infection relevant to the preventions and control infection The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 Both employers and employees are responsible for their own actions in the Work place. All reasonable steps should be taken when carrying out your work duties and all staff should have adequate health and safety training, and measures should be taken to ensure that policies and procedures are in place and adhered to. Describe how local and organizational policies relevant to the prevention and control of the infection Employees rights and responsibilities in the relation to the prevention and control of infection are to follow company’s policies and procedures, keep themselves safe and others, report any hazards which could lead to infection, attend relevant courses, use the PPE provided, keeping the work environment clean and tidy and to maintain good personal hygiene Describe procedures and systems relevant to the prevention and control of infection Food handling, waste disposal, cross infection through skin contact or unclean equipment etc., but mainly poor practice. Illness or death, inquiry, loss of registration, criminal charges. Think about PPI, waste disposal, hand washing, cleaning and decontamination, risk assessments etc. Infection protection and control policy, health and safety policy, dealing with accidents and emergencies policy, first aid policy, food hygiene policy, medica tion (handling meds) policy etc. Explain the potential impact of an outbreak of infection on the individual and the organizational Individual Short or long term illness, secondary conditions or further complications, depression, loss of trust in setting, death. Organisation sanctions, loss of reputation and trust, closure, prosecution. Environment distress of staff, individuals and families, unsettled atmosphere though loss of trust, disruption e. g. through an investigation and inspection or decontamination. Define the term risk A situation involving exposure to danger. Outline potential risks of infection within the workplace the first part of your question relates to local policies which are dictated by local peoples views on what is important to them as well as what the professionals think is important local and organisational policies have to consider local need and available local facilities. Describe the processes of carrying out a risk assessment 1. Identify the hazards 2. Decide who might be harmed and how 3. Evaluate the risks and decide on precaution 4. Record your findings and implement them 5. Review your assessment and update if necessary Explain the importance of carrying out a risk assessment Identify hazards. Analyse or evaluate the risk associated with that hazard. Determine appropriate ways to eliminate or control the hazard. In practical terms, a risk assessment is a thorough look at your workplace to identify those things, situations, processes, etc. that may cause harm, particularly to people. After identification is made, you evaluate how likely and severe the risk is, and then decide what measures should be in place to effectively prevent or control the harm from happening. Describe three different types of PPE and three USE PPE is equipment that will protect the user against health or safety risks at work. It can include items such as safety helmets, gloves, eye protection, high-visibility clothing, safety footwear and safety harnesses. It also includes respiratory protective equipment (RPE). State current relevant regulations and legislation relating PPE * Gloves- protect hands * Gowns/aprons-protect skin and/or clothing * Masks and respirators- protect mouse/ * Respirators- protect respiratory tract from airborne infectious agents. * Goggles- protect eyes * Face shields- protect face, mouth, nose, and eyes. Describe employer’s responsibilities regarding the use of PPE * It is the responsibility of employees to Ensure that they take reasonable care to protect their own health and safety and that of their co-workers and other persons in or near the workplace; * Report to management any hazardous or potentially hazardous conditions or risks that they identify in their work environment. * Participate in training provided by the employer, regarding the appropriate use, care, and maintenance of PPE. Describe employees in the application and removal of PPE The primary methods for preventing employee exposure to hazardous materials are engineering and administrative controls. Where these control methods are not appropriate or sufficient to control the hazard, personal protective equipment (PPE) is required. A work area assessment is required to determine the potential hazards and select the appropriate PPE for adequate protection. Employees must receive training which includes the proper PPE for their job, when this PPE must be worn, how to wear, adjust, maintain, and discard this equipment, and the limitations of the PPE. All training must be documented. Describe the current practices in the application and removal of PPE PPE such as gloves, aprons and masks are single use items and should be disposed of after each procedure or activity to prevent cross-transmission of micro-organisms. When these items are worn primarily to protect the wearer, the importance of their prompt removal between tasks on the same patient/client or between patients can easily be overlooked and give rise to the possibility of contamination. Describe the current procedures for disposal of used PPE Personal protective equipment – known as ‘PPE’ – is used to protect health care workers while performing specific tasks that might involve them coming into contact with infectious materials. Describe key principles of good personal hygiene Their hands are washed after theyve used the toilet Their genitals and anal area are washed every day Their face is washed daily They’re fully bathed or showered at least twice a week Describe the correct sequence for hand washing and when and why hand washing should be carried out the beginning of the shift preparing, handling and eating food donning gloves any patient contact clean/aseptic procedures entering/leaving clinical areas entering/leaving isolation cubicles preparing/giving medications using a computer keyboard in a clinical area Describe the types of products that should be used for hand washing The main products currently in use are: Soap Aqueous antiseptic hand wash solutions Alcohol-based hand rubs Others including emollient soap substitute, tea tree-oil based solutions, water-based solutions and hand wipes. Describe correct procedures that relates to skin care Work-related skin problems are very common. Although skin problems can happen in most workplaces, certain jobs present a higher risk, e. g. the health and social care sector.

Geographic Climate of Basketo, Ethiopia

Geographic Climate of Basketo, Ethiopia Outline Introduction The Geography of Basketo Transport, trade and infrastructures Spiritual aspect of the area Church statistics Openness to the gospel Opportunities and threats of the geography to the expansion of the gospel Socio- cultural aspects Influence of geography on the culture Conclusion and Recommendation Introduction Basketo is an area (a Wereda) found in South Western part of Ethiopia under the administration of South Nations Nationalities and People group region (SNNPR), 562 Km from the capital Addis Ababa. The Wereda is not part of any administrative zone. It is an autonomous area known as Basketo Special Wereda. Basketo is bordered on the South and West by South Omo Zone; and on the North by the Gamo Gofa Zone. The administrative town is known as Laska. The Basketo people are an Omotic-speaking ethnic group whose homeland lies in the southern part of the Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR). Basketo Wereda (district) is named after the ethnic group. According to the 2007 Ethiopian National census, the ethnic group has 78,284 members.[1] The linguistic neighbors of Basketo are Melo in the North, Gofa in the East, Dime and Bodi in the West and Aari and Gayil (Galila) in the South. (see figure 1) People in Gofa and Bulki refer both to the people and the language as ‘Mesketo’ but the native speakers identify themselves as ‘Basketo’ claiming that this was originally the name of a kind of sorghum which is typical of the area.[2] Traditionally, the people of Basketo are organized as a segmentary clan society handed by a divine king called Kati. The people worship a sky-god called â€Å"Tsosi†. This Tsosi is believed to be a creator of everything and can be reached only through a mediators such as ancestors through a proper sacrifices. There is also earth-god who is worshipped as a goddess. She is called â€Å"Indak-Kacharonde† The economic activity of Basketo is based on Agriculture but most families keep livestock. The main crops grow in the area include: cash crops: coffee, spices of different types; Cereals: wheat, Barely, teff; and others like yams, sweet potatoes, banana etc are grown. In addition to the cereals, pulses and root crops, there are highly demanded markeTable crops such as coffee, Spices (affaramom, ginger, â€Å"tikur Azmud† and â€Å"Hel†), fruits and banana. Unique genetic resources are found in the Wereda such as: organic coffee, gum trees (incense and rubber) and forest honey. The livestock population and the availability of grazing lands are potential for the development of modern livestock production activities.[3] In the past Basketo was part of the North Omo Zone and the 1994 national census counted its inhabitants as part of that zone. However, the Basketo people didn’t like it because they consider themselves different in many ways from those who are included in the zone. One of the significant factor of the it was the language difference. Despite the effort of the ruling party to emphasize the need to unite the smaller ethnic groups in order to bring consolidation and coordination to use the scarce government resources efficiently, the zone was divided into many smaller chunks. Then as a result of a lot of friction on the issue, Basketo was recognized as a special Wereda. In 2004 Basketo, because of its rich in mineral soil and spacious farm land, it was selected as one of several Weredas for voluntary resettlement of farmers from overpopulated areas. Since then Basketo has become a home for Wolaytta, Haddiyya and Konso people. A total of 7,000 household and 28,000 total family members.[4] II. The Geography of Basketo Basketo lies in an altitude of 700-2200. It is situated in a plateau. The landscape of Basketo includes all types of land forms. This makes it favorable for the growth of any type of crop and the production of annual and perennial crops. The climate that ranges from dega (highland) up to Qolla (lowland) makes it possible for the Basketo people to have a variety of food and export crops. Rivers in Basketo include Ergino, Sirso, Berso and Usino. Some of these rivers can be used for irrigation in the low land of Basketo. Even though the amount of the underground water is very high, the water if full of iron mineral and not healthy to drink. Therefore there is a lack of clean drinking water despite of the rich water resource underground. There are also valuable unexplored natural resources such as iron and gold in the area.[5] There are also dense forests and natural vegetations that covered a large part of the Wereda. However, after people from Hadiyya, Wolaytta and Konso resettled in the area a large part of the forest is destroyed for farm land, timber, fuel and building housing. Some of the resettled people cut trees for charcoal. Now this phenomena is creating a diverse effect on the climate and the existence of wild animals and bringing a long lasting problem contrary to what was expected by the government. Therefore, unless a solution is found soon, it will get worse and the Basketo people itself will be displaced from the area in the future. Transport, trade and infrastructures The Wereda has good potential for echo-tourism development. There are attractive land scenery and colorful cultures unique to the community. Unexplored but high economic value minerals such as gold and iron are available in the Wereda. Therefore, there is a good opportunity of attracting investors to the area. However, social services and existing infrastructure facilities are very weak. There are poor road networks connecting the kebeles with the Wereda capital and connecting Wereda to other neighboring Weredas. It has only 27 kilometers all weather road and 180 kilometers dry weather roads, for an average road density of 1803 km per square kilometers.[6] Agriculture is the major economic and livelihood system of the Wereda and the geographical features of the land is very suitable for crop production. The area has all types of climate. Dega, Kolla and Weynadega. In these different climatic areas different types of crops are produced. However, as it is said above, the infrastructure problem especially the road problem is hindering the people from selling their products for a good price. There is a market problem because of the road. If the people of Basketo had a good all-season road, many exporters would come to the area and invest their money there and the area could have been a source of income not only for the Basketo people but also for the country. Because of market problem, the people of Basketo does not have the trend of doing a large farming. They farm on a very small land to feed just their family. A few people farm a little bit wider and bring it to the market. Nowadays, agricultural products are very expensive in Basketo c ompared to many similar remote areas. The reason for this is because the farmers do not do enough farming that can sustain the market. The climate and drainage of the Wereda is conducive for the development of irrigation farms. The agricultural activities in the Wereda are mainly dependent on rainfall. As a result, the special Wereda was not able to produce sufficient food for consumption in the Wereda although the prevailing rivers would offer a good opportunity to enhance irrigated agriculture. Telecommunication facilities are underdeveloped. This makes communication very hard with other areas for trade and investment opportunities. But recently the Wereda has become mobile telephone and semi-automatic fixed telephone user. This is a good beginning to attract people to the area and make trade effective. On the other hand, the majority of the Wereda population depends on traditional energy sources, which have adverse impact on the environment. Mainly the poor infrastructure facilities have hampered the development of trade and industry in the Wereda. Education, health and potable water provisions are also inadequate in terms of quality and coverage.[7] Spiritual aspect of the area Church statistics Basketo was first evangelized by evangelists came from the neighboring areas (Weredas) Wolaytta and Goffa around 1945. Now in Basketo there are about 4 different evangelical church denominations and more than 70 congregations and of them the majority is Kale-Heywet Church which has more than 50 congregations. There are also Ethiopian Orthodox churches in the area. They are about 8 congregations. A Catholic church is planting a church in the resettlement area. Openness to the gospel The people of Basketo had been highly oppressed by witchcrafts, demonic worships and different costly sacrifices, they were highly burdened and many of them were looking for someone to rescue them. If they did not present an offering like money or animal which they were told to do so, they would suffer a loss of their children or their animals. They had no way to escape from the clasp of the devil. The area was full of witches and magicians. Even though the Ethiopian Orthodox church existed there for many years before the evangelical churches were established in the area, the people did not stop consulting witchdoctors. When the Land Lords from the Northern part of Ethiopia went to Basketo they introduced the Christian religion in the area. Many people of Basketo accepted Christianity forcefully. They were enforced to be baptized as a mass. However, since many of them did not willingly accepted it, they have no strong relation with God. They went to church to please their masters. Moreover, they did not receive any strong teaching about God by the priests. Most of the church’s services were conducted in Geez. Yet the people did not understand Amharic let alone Geez. This language gap widened the estrangement of Orthodox Christianity with the local people. Until recently all of the priests come from Amhara region. There was no local priest who is able to teach the people in their local language. Since they did not understand Christianity, the faith was syncretized with their pagan practices. They go to church on Sundays and on the rest of the week they go to consult magicians and witchcrafts. For so many decades Christianity became a mix of pagan practices and some elements from Christianity. It was in this context that evangelical Christians came to the scene with the gospel of Jesus Christ. Those who accepted the true gospel began to get free from demonic operations and raise the children without any harm. As the people observed this great miracle they began to respond to the gospel. As a result many people came to Christ. Witchcrafts and magicians, who have been a major threat for the people, began to disappear. Nowadays more than 80% of the population is Christian. Opportunities and threats of the geography to the expansion of the gospel The topography of Basketo is mountainous and valley. It is not easy to go from one place to the other by car. Infrastructure is not much developed in the area. Mostly the people walks on foot or very few people use horses or mules as a means of transportation. The people has very limited contact with other people groups mainly because of lack of modern transportation. This in turn has an adverse effect on the expansion of the gospel to the area and from the area to other neighboring areas. The Basketo church is now sending evangelists to different neighboring areas like Dime, Salamago Wereda, and other areas. However, transportation is a big issue in those areas. It is hard to visit these areas as often. Without a frequent travel and visit it is hard to provide the people with necessary spiritual growth materials and trainings. It is even hard to visit the evangelists working there and provide them with important materials whenever they need them. These area are very close to Basketo kilometer wise, but very far because of lack of transportation and the topography. Socio- cultural aspects The Influence of geography on the culture, language and intermarriage Basketo, as it is topographically and infrastructure wise not easily accessible, first of all, the culture is not highly influenced with other cultures. The people still holds on to its older cultural values very strongly. Intermarriage between Basketo and other people group is also very limited. More than 96% of the population lives in Basketo. Therefore marriage happens almost exclusively among themselves. Secondly, The geographical setting of Basketo makes hard for the people to communicate with other people very easily. The population is highly monolingual because of its less contact with speakers of other languages. Of course the neighboring areas like Galila and Melo people come to Basketo on market days and the Basketo traders go to these area on their market days. However, they spent there not more than half day. Therefore, except those who are frequent travelers, regular residents in that area and the bordering people, they do not have a lot of time to learn languages. Because of lack of transportation to those area, except some business people and those who have cousins there to visit, most people do not usually travel to these areas. Moreover it is not widely spoken by other people group outside the Basketo area. The people have a very limited contact with other language groups as it is mentioned. Many of them do not speak more than one language. Basketo is the main and the on ly language for all types of communication. Children at home and outside with their friends speak Basketo. In the market places and in the government offices the people use Basketo. Only those children who go to school learn Amharic as a second language. Therefore I can say that geography has in some ways a positive influence for the growth of the language. It may be seen as negative if one is concerned about the benefits of multilingualism. However, multilingualism can be gained from schools as students learn Amharic and English as a subject and as they interact with their teachers and some non-native people they encounter in the schools. For those who are more concerned about language maintenance and culture preservation, the geography of Basketo has a very positive contribution so far. From now on if infrastructure in improved, the influence can be minimal because Basketo language is given as one subject in all elementary students. The difficulty in accessibility of the area has a lot of implication on the culture change, language maintenance and change and intermarriage. As it is said above, the people is mostly monolingual and language shift does not seem possible in the near future. This is mainly because of the geography of the area. However new technologies and basic infrastructures play a big role for the expansion of God’s kingdom. Basketo is now reached with the gospel. However the church of Basketo needs to take the gospel to its neighboring areas. The church is sending evangelists to other areas. However, accessibility of those areas is still an issue for a rapid expansion of the gospel to a wider area and effective ministry. Conclusion and Recommendation Basketo is a land where we can find all the favorable climactic and geographical features that are necessary for the well being of human life. Its topography and landscape has given it its beauty of attraction. Basketo has never been drought stricken so far mainly because of its wonderful climactic features. However, the lack of infrastructures such as all weather roads that connects Basketo with the neighboring areas makes it difficult for the economical growth of the area as well as the expansion of the gospel. Basketo has all the natural gifts that can be a tourist attraction and investment opportunities. However, the challenge of the remoteness and topographic problems have not been dealt with the government. The geographical features of Basketo are God’s gift. We should not take the accessibility problem as impossibility. If infrastructures are made available all the challenges will be solved. But despite the fact that the area is one of the major potential areas of spice and food crop producer, the government did not take that part of the country very seriously. The church has the upper hand in the area, as it constitutes more than 90% of the population, but did not use the opportunity to influence the government. Our recommendation is that: first, the church should work with the government very closely to solve infrastructure problems. When this problem is solved it will serve the needs of both the government and the church. Basic infrastructures are very essential for the expansion of the gospel to that part of the country. Most of the neighboring areas are not reached with the gospel and we think that Basketo can play a major role in sending evangelists. Secondly, the church also needs to guard the natural resources of the area by teaching its people and working closely with the government and development organizations. The church also needs to involve in natural conservation and development works in order to tackle the changing climate because of the deforestation going on in the new resettlement areas. Bibliography Amha, Azeb. African languages and cultures 8. â€Å"CASE IN BASKETO† Taylor and Francis Ltd. 1995 http://www.jstor.org/action/showJournals#43693380 accessed April 25, 2012. SNNPR Bureau of Finance and economic development. â€Å"Detailed statistics on roads† http://uk.ask.com/wiki/Basketo_special_woreda (accessed 15 September 2009) SNNPR investment bureau. â€Å"Guide 2000† SNNPR resource potential and investment opportunities. http://www.southinvest.gov.et/Publications/guide%202000%20English.pdf accessed on April 20, 2012. Jordan, Linda. Gayil servey report. (Unpublished), 2007. DPPA. â€Å"Resettlement 2004† Disaster prevention and Preparedness Agency (DPPA) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misketto_language (accessed 26 November 2006) Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misketto_language accessed on April 20, 2012. 1 [1] Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia accessed on April 20, 2012. [2] Azeb Amha. African languages and cultures. â€Å"CASE IN BASKETO† p. 8,1995 pp. [3] â€Å"Guide 2000† SNNPR resource potential and investment opportunities. p.52 [4] â€Å"Resettlement 2004† Disaster prevention and Preparedness Agency (DPPA) (accessed 26 November 2006) [5] Guide 2000. P. 52 [6] â€Å"Detailed statistics on roads† SNNPR Bureau of Finance and economic development website (accessed 15 September 2009) [7] â€Å"Guide 2000† SNNPR resource potential and investment opportunities. pp. 52-53