Indigenous Studies 301-Assignment#5 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Indigenous Studies 301- 5 - Assignment ExampleThe stories be critically examined, reflected upon, and brought to life by being unified into the experience of the audience and the storyteller (Bopp et al., 2004).According to Bopp et al. (2004), unforesightful Bear reflects several factors and evidences in naturalizing native reproduction and knowledge. Bear reflects that there are abundant studies since the mid-sixties that have evaluated factors and evidence in the Canadian education system. The evidence and factors reveal that the reason for the Canadian education systems failure to aid Aboriginal students and learners in achieving their potential. Additionally, the Canadian education systems have overly continuously and consistently been reportedly insensitive to the education wants, needs, weaknesses and strengths of Aboriginal peoples. The systems have resisted making the curricular, infrastructure, and pedagogical changes take to commendable service Aboriginal students (Bo pp et al., 2004).According to Bopp et al. (2004), Taiaiake Alfred encourages Indigenous people to live similar to Onkwehonwe, the original people. pile should undertake a journey of living commitment to significant change in their lives and to transform the nightclub by recreating their existences, regenerating their cultures, and rushing against the forces that keep them bound to their colonial past. The path is of the struggle laid come out by the personalities who have come before them. Taiakiake says that now it is the peoples turn, to choose to relinquish the memories of colonialism and face the challenge of creating a new certainty for the nation for the young and the old alike. Bopp et al. (2004) acknowledges that it is through rejecting and forgetting the acts of racism and other colonial mistreatments that naturalizing indigenous education will be possible.Towards naturalizing indigenous knowledge, Little Bear identifies factors as the way it should

Executive Summary for the Automated Banking System Essay

Executive Summary for the Automated Banking scheme - Essay ExampleThis would result to increased transactions at a less time and shunning of customers overcrowding in the banking hall.The management information system (MIS) of PNC if implemented according to the given attributes would solve their problem by increasing revenues, providing a reliable banking system and reducing operating expenses. It would solve real world problems because it would do convenience for their customers to transact without the need of visiting the bank. Furthermore, though all banks possess ATM services, theirs if implemented, could mean a total revolution of e-banking services.Their MIS does not exist but can be invented as they have stipulated that it is their prox plans. The conclusion based on their future plans is concise and engaging. However, I think their plan is ambitious and requires mega investment. If I were an executive, I would read into their business plan because it is unique and for pr osperity in business, one has to take risks.In conclusion, their executive summary is well stated and it has a new sense of adding what does not exist in the banking sector. If their MIS is well implemented, it would offer competitiveness to other banks at the same time satisfying their clients. Finally, it would give a new approach to how banking is carried

Hyperconsumerism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Hyperconsumerism - Es hypothecate ExampleThe basic surmisal of consumption in sparings stresses that human beings consumes a commodity because it provides some utility or satisfaction to the consumer. For example, the hunger of a man is satisfied by the food he eats the man who is shivering in the coldness gains utility from a blanket someone who feels thirsty satisfies that thirst by drinking water. Utility theory argues that, as to a greater extent a commodity is consumed, less extra satisfaction is derived from consuming one superfluous unit of that commodity. Therefore, when the desire for one commodity is fulfilled, one feels the desire to have some other commodities. For example, economists say that the basic three needs are food, clothing, and shelter. Once these requirements are fulfilled, the next important areas are wellness and education. If these further needs are fulfilled, then the person will wish to expand his set of consumed goods, moving further beyond necessit ies towards luxuries.From these basic patterns, the behavior called consumerism emerges.. The present era is often termed the age of the consumerist society. All over the globe, we find the expansion of consumer goods industries ranging from fast-marketed consumer foods to durable consumer goods, and from daily household commodities to luxurious items.. In many countries there is a rapid expansion of consumer markets. ... The companies use different devices to make people interested. Hence, all over the world we tramp find an accelerating trend of consumerism, which is often termed hyper-consumerism. This trend results in the unquenchable desire to have more and more goods for ones own use or pleasure.In this paper, we are not much concerned about the description of hyper-consumerism, nor are we interested in discussing the emergence of consumerism in general. The main theme discussed here is the answer to the forefront Does hyper-consumerism increases the happiness of consumers , or it is a factor which increases unhappiness. The history of consumerism has been described effectively by Sassatelli (2007) in his concur Consumer Culture History Theory and Politics. The book is a good synchronization of history and sociology. It is a historic review of how consumerism emerged from mercantilism to modern capitalism through the path of the neoclassical economic theories. The nature and maturation of consumer culture are well explained in this book. The role of the neoclassical school of economics, the essence of which is the free motion of markets to promote a well-functioning market-oriented system, is explained. This book provides the history of the consumer-oriented culture all over the world. The roles of economic theories and social and economic institutions are well addressed. The focus is on the combination of historic, institutional, political, social, and economic factors which transformed mercantilism into modern capitalism. The vivacious cultures of societies have also played a crucial role in promoting the modern type of consumerist society. Moreover, the role of political factors which underlie the emergence of modern materialism is evident from the

Abortion of Fetus with Down Syndrome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Abortion of Fetus with Down Syndrome - Essay ExampleFor instance, these proponents keep up argued that for a fetus with Down syndrome, it is tolerable to carry out stillbirth. Down syndrome (DS) is a health chassis in which superfluous genetic material leads to delays in the mental and physical development. This paper holds that it is morally permissible to abort a fetus with Down syndrome due to various reasons. Apparently, aborting this fetus will save it future(a) pain and suffering once born. In addition, the fetus lacks capacity for making its own decision and does not form the capacity to desire for the continuation of its existence. Moreover, the fetus lacks more developed person-like features and it lacks fully developed rights to spiritedness (Warren, 2004). Moral uncovers surrounding abortion. The issue of terminal retards and abortion accrues from the idea of active euthanasia. Marquis (1989) indicates that the overall issue of killing a person who is terminally ill to save him or her from pain is sometimes not justifiable. This accrues from the premise that death is more painful that all other forms of physical pain. On the other hand, he outcrys that it is not generally wrong to kill the person who would die anyway. Under this premise, it is then not morally wrong to abort or terminate a fetus suffering from a terminal condition such as Down syndrome. This raises the proposition that aborting might be illegal simply considering the moral state concerning terminal conditions, it becomes morally justifiable. ... He adds that the parents of these children undergoes through hard financial strains while trying to provide nice treatment to them. It is under this notion that it becomes morally permissible to abort a fetus that will in all probability bring about these problems once born. This premise asserts that it is not morally wrong to terminate a heart that would otherwise go through pain and bring strain. He adds that there is a dif ference surrounded by terminally ill enceinte individuals and a fetus with a severe condition. This is in the sense that the adult individual can make a decision for himself or herself while the fetus does tot have the capacity to make its own decision. This therefore supports the claim that it is vital to make the decision on behalf of the fetus, olibanum becoming morally acceptable to abort it. On the other hand, Marquis (1989) indicates that some opponents of this issue would claim that it is not right to kill a terminally ill person due to his or her future value. Under this premise, the opponents would argue that this should be the same in the case of a fetus with Down syndrome. However, this trust fails in the sense that a fetus is not fully ripe to realize its value in the future. Though there might be some innate value in the baby, there is no justification that it would add value in the future. This premise rests entirely in the public opinion but not in the reality of the issue. Another strong view in proposing the issue of aborting a 16 week- fetus with Down syndrome rests in the incompleteness of the person-like feature of the fetus. It is very evident that even though opponents of abortion argue that the fetus is a human being, it lacks unquestionable features to make it person-like. For instance, Warren (2004)

John Steinbeck's novel Cannery Row - Look at them Essay

John Steinbecks bracing Cannery Row - Look at them - Essay ExampleThe novel explains the grassroots realities of life, in its positive and ban aspects, its glory and meanness and the Docs character is penned by the author to high on the loose(p) the complexity of this philosophy. Steinbeck observes, the inhabitants are, whores, pimps, gamblers, and sons of bitches, by which he meant everybody. Had the man looked through another peephole he might have said, Saints and angels and martyrs and holy men, and he would have meant the alike thing (1). Doc is a man of scientific approach, but at the same time, he is interested in enjoying the luxuries of day to day life. He is not the one to chase the perfective aspect disciplines in life, but is willing to carry on happily with the available levels of discipline. The readers branch see him release his Western Biological Laboratory for purchasing five quarts of beer. He is not interested to tread the everyplacecome and routine tracks o f life and exhibits defiance towards the vested interests that take control of the society and his approach is evident in his suggested system for getting revenge on a bank if anyone should ever want to Rent a preventative deposit box, then deposit in it one fresh salmon and go away for cardinal months. (15)Thus Doc is an individual who accepts and lauds the contradictory facets of life and his Western Biological is a kind of experimental laboratory for the living things as per their levels of progression. A true philosopher (the realized soul) knows the past, present and the future and they are one with the, the corking leveler of humankind, the Time. They are unaffected by the day to day agitations, ups and downs occurring in the world outside. The author compares mackintosh and the boys, the unexceptional folks, to such philosophers as they have the capacity to survive in this world of pluralities and pairs of opposites, like happiness and sorrow, light and darkness etc. Th ere are others, the simple types of people, to whom ignorance is bliss and they also remain happy, like philosophers, in all circumstances. The intelligent, successful and competitive people remain upset always their mind is full of agitations over the business and secular challenges they face and the author categorizes them as men with bad stomachs and bad souls(142) but Mack and the boys are fit physically and mentally. They are carefree people, eat what they like, and do what they wish. They are free in every sense of the term. Steinbeck is a master in depicting the lives of the ordinary people and their perspective of life. such(prenominal) people do not have the predefined goals in life and craze for aggrandizement of wealth they merely live life. Even though they live different types of life, their trials and miseries of life are of different categories and grades, yet in that location exists the common thread that binds them all. Their minds are not small, their behaviors and motives are great. Steinbeck has understanding and sympathy for the poor and the common people. His delight for the lowest strata of the society, the economically poor, and his admiration for the nobility of human existence, can be observed throughout the novel. This observation of Doc reveals the inside working of the mind of Steinbeck It has always seemed strange to me said Doc. The things we admire in men, kindness, generosity, openness, honesty, understanding, and life are the concomitants of failure in our system. And those traits that we detest, sharpness, greed, acquisitiveness, meanness, egotism, and self-interest are traits of success. And while men admire the quality of the first they love the produce of the second. (143)Steinbeck is able to read the minds of his common characters well, the delineation, dialogue and situation building is

Answer questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 20

Answer questions - Essay modellingBill Gates Microsoft has developed because of Gates ability to create an environment of creativity, teamwork, delegation of tasks, and transp arncy across the workforceInterpersonal skills argon the qualities that enable people to understand one another and establish efficacious communication. In a decision making process, team members need to understand one another in order to establish effective communication, which is a necessity for geological formational efficiency and growth. Interpersonal skills enable and organization to have a clear flow of instructions, commands and directives, facilitating the attainment of a business overall objective. Interpersonal skills ar also relevant in society because effective communication is crucial when it comes to networking and establishing local and multinational deals (Robbins, De Cenzo, & Coulter, 2015). Steve jobs people skills enabled him to get funding, resurrect Apple Inc. and transform it into o ne of the finest American electronics manufacturer ever.The KTS-II results show that I am a guardian. A guardian is an individual who understands logistics and is strict about following routine. A guardian has a sense of responsibility and duty, which means he is always in the good books of the supervisor. However, workers of rational and idealist personalities are people who seek personal growth and knowledge, which might interfere with the regulatory role of their supervisors. Artisans desire to guess new things may interfere with company routine and schedule, affecting the relationship of artisans with the supervisors (Montgomery, 2011).Conscientiousness and extraversion are positively correlated with job performance. However, without high levels of conscientiousness, extraversion might lead to absenteeism, in which case it becomes negatively correlated with job performance (Lim & Ployhart,

Home Work # 6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Home Work 6 - Assignment ExampleTherefore, an economy undergoes a quick recovery accomplishment which is accompanied by technological advancement. Resources are allocated towards the reconstruction of the damaged not bad(p) line of work such as foreign aid and human capital. In the short run the aggregate fruit will grow at a higher treasure than the growth rate of the labour hug due to the increased savings and foreign aid which pushes the recovery of the capital growth rate ski binding to normal.d) After world war two, the real GDP in Germany and Japan grew steadily due to the period of technological advancement and reconstruction. During the recovery period, the technology in these countries grew at a faster rate star(p) to the faster growth of effective labour which is translated into their real GDP.6. With the rise in depreciation, the equilibrium steady-state capital-labour symmetry declines.as a result, output per histrion becomes lower and that leads to lower exp enditure of the equivalent worker. This is based on the assumption that the capital-labour ratio is not very high in that an increase in k can reduce consumption of the worker. On the long run, there are no effects on the growth rate of the supply capital stock. This is due to the fact that, in the long run, the capital stock should grow at the same rate as the labor rate growth is and therefore the capital-labour ratio remains constant.7a) The government purchases per worker are indicated by IS at the inintial time, as the government purchases more, the IS curve shifts to IS2 curve which goes up and further to the properly of the curve. This shows the increase in both the government spending and also the increase in the interest rate of the government revenue.b). if the government increases g, it will lead to reduction in the savings of the government and therefore capital per worker increases due to increased savings, output per

International Business - World Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

International Business - World Trade - rise ExampleAlso the governments interest in the health or the profits of the industry as rise up as the capitol flow which in turn affect the separates economy is highlighted in this case study.With regards to the civil air travel industry, the various products, their launch aid from the governments and other agencies directly or indirectly through favoured contracts and subsidies and tax cuts and waivers on loans similarly called spongelike loans ar among the issues discussed in the case study. However, the direct and indirect support and patronization by the governments are also subject to some of the World Trade Organizations provisions prohibiting any support from the governments under the concordance on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM), the European Union (EU) and the US governments Agreement on Trade in Large polite Aircrafts which restricts the governments to cap the direct or indirect financial aid to the companies p roducing these aircrafts are all related to the issues relating to the governments protectionist policies as these are in one or the other way related to international mountain as well as the economies of the respective states. Each government has identified their necessitate to provide support to the astronomic and complex civil aircraft industry as investing in it can give them an advantage and also create as they observe employment for their skilled and unskilled resource while help spend a penny new technologies and generate huge amounts of corporate taxes for the states revenue. However, the international trade responsibilities of each country or state have also been looked into with respect to the affect of the different governments supporting the industry at various levels. The trade practices themselves are questioned as relating to the governments protectionist policies which are interested in protecting their interests. Further, the EU governments public policies ident ify the need for providing key services like healthcare, public transport, banking, etc. which enable them to play a strong aim in building the economy of the nation. Hence, EU governments consider greater intervention in the market is needful for building a growing economy. France took steps in this direction by regulating the private domain work hours to a minimum of 35hrs a week and also increasing the corporate taxes, along with Germany. owe to the governments intervention in the markets, civil aviation in the US and EU has benefited. Boeing received huge orders from the US Department of Defence during World War II and the Cold war which helped it to consolidate its position in the market. Further, after 9/11 it is being supported by tax money through subsidies and soft loans. On the other hand, the EU governments have formed alliances to found Airbus to make large civil aircrafts as part of their public policies. France, Germany, Britain and Spain hold stock in the company j ointly and sanction subsidies and soft loans individually. In the early 2000s the Airbus annual sales for A350 exceeded that of

Human Agency is at the Root of Climate Change and Global Warming Research Paper

Human Agency is at the Root of Climate Change and Global Warming - research Paper ExampleThis has resulted in an unprecedented rate of global warming that has been the fastest in the noncurrent two millennia. The undercoat receives energy from the sun in the visible and ultra violet beam of light bands. just about 33% of the incident solar radiation is reflected by the earths surface into space. The remaining per centum of the solar radiation is principally absorbed by the land and oceans. This absorbed solar radiation increases the temperature of the earths surface, which emits the excess heat as infrared radiation (Maslin, 2007, p. 9). A portion of this infrared radiation is retained by greenhouse gases, and this leads to the warming of the atmosphere. The principal greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, water vapour, ozone, methane and nitrous oxide. These gases, in combination, result in a greenhouse effect that warms the earth (Maslin, 2007, p. 9). Global warming and modal ity change are the handiwork of humans. This has been reiterated by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which has stated in no uncertain terms that human activity and not changes in solar activity, is the real culprit responsible for global warming (Jones, 2012, p. 32). During the period from the year 2005 to the year 2010, solar activity had been very less. Nevertheless, NASA discover that the earth had absorbed much more energy than it had reflected or radiated back into space. Whilst arriving at this conclusion, this organisation had employed in complex calculations relating to the energy imbalance of the earth.

What impact does migration have on European politics Essay

What impact does migration rush on atomic number 63an politics - Essay ExamplePeople have migrated to europium because of the numerous opportunities that be in Europe as comp ared to other parts of the world. One of the reasons why migration has been common in Europe is because of many job opportunities that are there. Education prospects have also contri thated to this migration (Castles 2006, p.745). People have also travel to Europe in order to run away from war and conflict situations in their home countries. in that location is a common perception that Europe is more peaceful than other continents. The improvement of the economic indemnity of Europe has also contributed to the movement of people to European cities. More than 32.5 million people within the European Union (EU) are non-citizens (Cesarani and Fulbrook 1996, p.63). The political fellowship is debatable along context of awards for voting rights within the European countries. This is overdue to the changes that have resulted in changes of European societies. The political system in Europe allows the flexibility in exercise of political rights, laws and regulations. As a result, the migrants can be incorporated into the translational forms of political participation like the lector politics and other civic engagements (Geddes 1999, p. 12). Effects of migration on European politics Recently, the have-to doe with in migrant political trans contentism has increased. Precisely political participation of the immigrants encompasses distribution of resources between members of a political community and acts as an instrument for obtaining other goods and resources. The political participation of immigrants was more than just the need for resources, but acted as a goal of conventional democracy towards seeking the influence from other parties (Geddes 2003, p.251). Migration in Europe triggered the immigrant to participate in parliamentary and advisory committees. The migrant self-society and civil society institutions facilitated political participation of the immigrants. such(prenominal) initiatives include religious groups, non-governmental organizations and political initiatives. This gave a chance for immigrants to participate in various political dimensions base on the diversity and country they migrated to. More than 32.5 million people within the European Union (EU) are non-citizens. Political and civic participation of immigrants is a key area on the integration of migrants into the European societies. This is accompany by practices and measures that enhance participation and empowerment of immigrants to enables them exercise their duties and rights in the promotion of values and accountability. This may be constrained by human and social factors due insufficient resources such as finance and m (Cesarani and Fulbrook 1996, p.63). The immigrants participated in procedures and structures of the political systems in Europe. This includes voting, joining a political pa rty of choice, standing for an office or participating in petitioning bodies and political demonstrations. This raises concerns on societal and political relevance in relation to national development. A decision to migrate begins with the decision by the immigrant to move. Immigration to Europe resulted from the need to escape oppression, immanent disasters and poverty by people from developing countries. Some of the countries within the European regions experienced dramatic growths due to immigration after the Second World War (Freeman 1995, p.887). Most of the nations in Europe still apprehend significant populations of immigrants. In most contexts, immigrants have expressed the interest of participating in parliamentary systems for the countries at hand. This is confirmed by the increased number of civil societies. The situation of modern Diaspora and transfer of political issues in

Persuasive Memo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Persuasive Memo - Assignment Example, it is the opinion of our court-ordered department that we are non going to be in violation of any laws should be decide to with-hold healthcare coverage of underemployed employees.Although our responsible research teams cast off assured us that we are not facing any legal backlash by withholding ACA coverage to our variable-hour employees (part-timers), it would still be best for us as a corporation to offer our variable hour employees access to a medical plan coverage which they may choose to accept or waive depending upon their personal ability to pay for the coverage. We are under no legal obligation to shoulder their health care coverage. However, other companies such as Trader Joes commence offered similar plans to their employees with successful results as more part-time employees opt to shop for insurance coverage on their own based upon their own ability to pay. (University of Missouri System, The Affordable Care Act)An in-house su rvey of our variable-hour workers shows that they oftentimes have other jobs aside from the one that they currently hold with us. Their other jobs have also offered them the hazard to either partake of company insurance coverage or procure their own health insurance coverage. It appears that they have mostly made their own arrangements for their individual insurance coverages.It is understood that our company values the component part of our variable-hour workers to our companys growth and reliable income performance. Therefore, it would be in our best interests to still find a method by which we can care for our variable-hour employees health without giving them to same insurance coverage as our regular employees. We have come up with a list of possible recommendations for your approval.We can offer one or twain of the above recommendations to our variable - time employees as an incentive for them to stay healthy and lessen their sick days. affable let me know as soon as you h ave decided upon a course of activeness based upon the

U.S. TRADES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

U.S. TRADES - Essay ExampleThe major export categories were Machinery, Mineral Fuel and Oil, Vehicles, and Plastic. NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) has promoted this link by including wide-ranged, market-opening regulations in the proportionateness. It is also developed a more unbiased set of trade policies so the trade barriers can be decreased and removed in Mexico (Besede, 2013). Since this agreement was signed, the trade has increased sharply among the nations who are parties to it however, this increase of trade activity has caused increasing trade deficits for the US with both Canada as well as Mexico. lacquer is the third largest partner of the US with around ccc billion USD in goods and private services trading during the year 2013. In 2010, the Economic Harmonization inaugural was launched between US and Japan to boost the economic growth of both countries by promoting collaboration to assort policies that facilitate trade. With the four percent (around 3.00 b illion USD) drop as compared to 2012, the US goods trade deficit with Japan was 73 billion USD during 2013, and accounted for 11 percent of the entire US goods trade deficit.The Asia-Pacific region is of vital logical implication for the US as it is the rapidly developing region as well as a let out driver of international economic development. In fact, the region already formed more or less(prenominal) 60 percent of international gross domestic product and around 50 percent of global trade, and is likely to grow by nine percent in 2014. During 2011, the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) nations had the entire GDP of 18 trillion USD, of which more or less 85 percent comprised the US economy (Williams, 2013, p. 98). United States exports to be TPP affiliates were around 110 billion USD during 2011 and imports were 95 billion USD, indicating that the US had a trade surplus with live TPP economies of approximately 14 billion USD.Benefits to the US from the trade

Annotated Outline and Bibliography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Annotated Outline and Bibliography - Assignment poserCriminal psychopaths engages in severe antisocial behavior, such as serial murder, animal cruelty, or cozy abhorrences while non-criminal have their manifestation of their pathology limited to non-criminal acts such as cheating or lying. On the early(a)wise hand, antisocial personality disorder is a form of chronic mental condition in which an unmarrieds ways of thinking, perceiving situations and interaction with others are dysfunctional and destructive (Andrews & Bonta,2010). Victims of this condition shows no regard for cover and wrong and often disregard the rights, wishes and feelings of others while general criminal involves deliberate contravention of the state law. Ted Bundy qualifies to be identified as a psychopathic serial predator due to his deceitful and well unionized tactics of luring, killing and evading the law.It is important to note that criminal psychopathy is reflected in behavior such as substance abuse , sex habituation, drug addiction, addiction to gambling among other related compulsive behaviors. On the other hand, on-criminal psychopaths exhibit mild compulsive behavior such as internet addiction, procrastination, television watching (Dekle,2011). In regard to these concepts, the case of Bundy can be classified as criminal psychopathy due to his addiction to sex related crimes. In connection with the case of Bundy, Criminal profiling can be seen as an act of developing a psychological profile of an offender based on the state of the crime characterization. This is always carried out by the forensic psychologist. This differs with other forensic evaluation procedures in that it crime scene helps to label the perpetrator as organized, disorganized, or mixed and the investigator uses this to study the behavior of the culprit for assertable prosecution. The meticulous plan of Bundy in his many cases of crimes could only be managed by this method of

Planning For Clarity (Language Learning) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Planning For Clarity (Language Learning) - Essay fashion modelThe atomic number 42 step has the students interacting with each other while the give instruction monitors this session like a referee.The front step when the tutor engages in teaching and interacting the students find an opportunity to loosen their guards from inhibitive apprehensions and become responsive. This is the time when the tutor holds the fort teaching and instructing, chiefing and gingerly allowing students to respond to queries. The tutor/students interactions may begin with the tutor allowing students 10% of the time to answer questions. The tutor may then incr quench the number of questions and gradually extend the question/answers hour to 90%, transferring the session to the second step when the students begin interacting with each other using debate material and discussions.It is crucially important to organize the interaction sessions with content rich and well designed depicted object material so that the students get exposure to language learning resources. These study material must be condensed and balanced so that the contents appear neither inadequate nor cluttered. The class must be dual-lane into 3 or 4 groups to allow for group discussions and preparation before the final competition. (Judy Haynes)The SIOP schema invokes expenditure of origin language in the learning process of the second language. This bilingual approach puts the students at ease as they are materially prepared to grasp the second language more easily world acquainted with the lesson contents having understood them from their presentation in their own language. Since the study material are overly biliteral, that is, scripted in the first and second languages, all the students have to do is grasp the text and grammar of the second language. The process of application is a workshop involving reading, writing, listening and speaking. The study material must adequately continue all of these. The t utor must allow time for students to learn on trial and error rote. The set must allow ample time for students to stir their mental aptitudes with language learning. (Bilingual/ESL Education Program, p7)ConclusionThe SIOP strategy makes learning simple and user-friendly. Being connected to the mother tongue, its approach is that of a friendly neighbor. The tutor must adorn the role of the friendly neighbor. It goes without saying that the tutor must be thoroughly conversant with the first and second languages. The students success totally depends on the tutors approach with the curriculum and study material providing the vital think in the process. One learns the first language in an informal atmosphere of abandon and care. The process is a lot the same for the second language. SourcesBilingual/ESL Education Program, Instructional Model, 15 November, 2005, Updated September 2007, Brownsville Independent School District, Texas, http//www.bisd.us/Bilingual_Education/instructional M ODEL UPDATED SEPT 2007.pdfJudy Haynes, SIOP Making Content Comprehensible for ELLs, everythingELS.net,

Managing crisis in Nigeria Oil Sector Case Study

Managing crisis in Nigeria Oil Sector - Case Study Exampleheld their crew members captive.Buerk rejects prospects to evaluate the classified descriptions other concluding remarks that lash make worse conflict through the release of stipends and contracts to those folks who live most delta as well as the offering of stay-at-home-benefits for disoriented teenagers. The absentia of answerability promotes residents to engage war against Shell, and the whole scenario is abject pandemonium feuds emerge in towering propositions, the rationale has always been to hold back a share of the proceeds coming from oil colour.On the extreme end felony has been propagated through version in the astringent development as well as the compensating through rescue, hence making felony a lucrative, money-spinning game. That Shells bodily Social suffice was flawed and no sooner than soon will it wither. The community living rough delta lives under debilitating conditions despite the vast wealth ge nerated from oil fields. Lay blame on oil companies that conspire with Nigerias regime to drum up divisions flanking rival societal clusters in a move to kill oil proceeds from reaching them. Statements of ProblemThe oil predicament in Nigeria fastidiously what is happening around Niger delta has attracted so much prose writings from historians, political analysts, news media commentators, and many more. And yet less stands to be enter on the functions of the corporate organizations with a global presence in reference to Shell and their role in establishing a ceasefire flanking the alarming parties of the remote setting, the regime and the Multi National Corporations. This study will endeavor to unearth the function and impact of the strategy as well as decision making by transnational administrators in containing the Oil predicament in Nigeria. Objectives the StudyTo decisively re fit the rationale for the existing disaster in terms of partners in the Nigeria oil intentness. To inspect the observation of executives in the Nigeria oil commerce with a view to establish their belief on the oil predicament as well as the preeminent channel to resolving the same. To recognize resolutions and originate an approach for solving disaster.To discover key issues and make recommendations to government and industry for the execution of tactic. The Oil Crisis in NigeriaRationale for the existing predicament Partners in the Nigeria oil Territory Shell as a case in mindThe oil pandemonium witnessed in Nigeria I presented with intricate truth of the Niger Delta- society discontentment, frail and a regime that does not respond to the needs of the people, safekeeping coerce mistreatments and inter-neighborhood aggression.The case of the environment In responding to allegations,

Organizational Behavior Essay Example for Free

Organizational Behavior Es wordThe official language of Japan is Nipp integrityse. The official religion is Buddhism. A meal always has rice, even breakfast. White rice is call(a)ed gohan. Meals often consist of gohan, a bowl of pickles called tsukemono, a bowl of soup, and a variety of other dishes like fish, meat, and vegetables. This is called okazu. Since Japan is an island country they consume a hooking of seafood including squid, crab, octopus, shrimp, whale, lobster and seaweed. Slurping your soup or noodles shows the Japanese that you be enjoying your meal. When doing business men should wear dark and conservative attire. topographic point should be easy to remove as this will be done often. When using a stool in someones home, you will be required to wear a specific twin of slippers before using it. Women should wear low heeled shoes to avoid being taller than men. Pointing is con placementred rude. It is custom to arrive late, promptitude is not expected. Money is not openly displayed, use an envelope. The number fourteen is bad luck, it sounds like the Japanese word for death. Business and personal gift giving is real(prenominal) important and should be done at the end of the visit. Business cards should be printed in your home language on one side and in Japanese on the other. A bow, not a helping handshake is the proper way to greet.EGYPTIn Egypt the predominant religion is Islam. Foreigners be expected to dress modestly, do not wear Egyptian clothing. Jackets and ties are required for men, women must also dress modestly. Egyptians stand very close to each other, moving by from them is seen as an act of aloofness, however, opposite sexes stand further apart than we do in the United States. screening your shoe sole is considered an insult to the other person you are meeting, do not cross your legs during your meeting. gage in public is very common, present and offer your cigarettes. Arabic is read from the right to the left. Books b egin on what Americans consider to be the last page. Business cards should be printed in Arabic on one side of the card, and in English on the other side of the card.BRAZILIn Brazil, Portugese is the official language, although others communicate Spanish, Italian, and other languages. No official religion is listed, however intimately Brazilians practice Roman Catholic. Brazil is the gentlemans fifth largest country in population and landmass. Half of Brazils population is at a lower place the age of twenty. When conducting business three piece suits should be worn by men and women, and womens nails should be manicured. You should avoid wearing the colors green and yellow together, as it is the colors of the Brazilian flag. The okay hand signal is considered rude to express appreciation you should pinch your earlobe between your thumb and forefinger. Schedule all appointments at least two weeks in advance, to them, time is money. Never discuss business before your multitude doe s.Brazilians entertain business cliental in a restaurant, never in their homes. Gift giving is not required. When direct a bouquet of flowers, avoid the color purple as it used for funerals. Tipping in Brazil is very common and is usually about ten percent. When greeting, handshaking for men is very typical while women qualify kisses by placing themselves cheek to cheek and kissing the air. When greeting the other person using titles are very important to them. When you are trying to strike up a conversation with them good conversation topics are soccer, their families and children. Conversation topics to avoid are politics, religion, and the rain forest.After reviewing these three countries and there cultures I would have to say that Japan would be the country with the most employment satisfaction. Although very populated, Japan passed a constitutional law of nature just after World War II that gave women the right to choose their occupation. Since that law, more women have kap ut(p) into the workforce and received the education and training possible to hold high end executive jobs that were at a time held by man alone. Even though Brazil and Egypt have higher levels of women in the workforce most of the jobs are domestic, like cleaning and cooking.Referenceshttp//www.cyborlink.com.Retrieved January 14, 2013.

Brother Sebastian in the novel Lamb Essay Example for Free

crony Sebastian in the young Lamb EssayIn the novel Lamb by Bernard Mac Laverty, written in 1976, I cannot scarcely flavor sympathetic towards the principal(prenominal) character blood brother Sebastian (Michael Lamb). I feel that he was a victim of circumstances. He was brought up in a farm in Ballycastle where he was taught by his father to put animals who were suffering erupt of their misery. In the novel Mac Laverty describes how his father had pulled chickens necks so fast and expertly that they never felt a thing. To Sebastian Owen Kane was exactly like an animal with no future and the most humane thing to do was put him out of his misery.Throughout this novel there is a recurring theme of a father and son relationship. The violent death was ritualistic as Sebastians religious beliefs would engage meant that he rememberd that the boy was going to eternal happiness with paragon in heaven. It was motivated by love. It would be a pure. Of this he was sure. From th e much protected environment with his spawn and father on the farm he entered the Irish Christian Brothers the year he was due to grant school which would have been about sixteen.In the Brotherhood he had no real adult bread and butter as he was restricted by the vows of Poverty, Chastity and Obedience. When the novel opens Sebastian is a wood work instructor in a theatre (which is situated in the south of Ireland Galway) for delinquent boys, which was stick out by a sadistic, cruel Brother called Brother benedict. The relationship between the two men was hostile as Benedict was an academic snob who looked down on Sebastian for his lack of formal education. He utilisations the simile and the metaphor A man with one language is like a man with one eye.I myself-importance have quaternity good eyes and a few lesser ones which could be polished up Both Brother Sebastian and Benedict disagreed with each other on how to discipline the boys in the interior(a). Benedicts attitude was If they do not correct we thrash them. We teach them a little of God and a lot of fear. He criticised Sebastian for his Soft centred self centred idealism. Owen Kane was put into the Home by his mother for always mitching school. Owen suffered from epilepsy and was the youngest boy in the Home.It is true that Owen had been put out because he had continually mitched school and had run away from home frequently the Gardai had been informed on quaternion occasions at least. God knows how many times they had not been informed. His father would beat him often When he came home he would get drunk and whip Owen with whatever came into hand. His mother would often be slay from his company but he preferred all that than living in the Home. He had a soggy/positive relationship with Sebastian and a negative relationship with Benedict. Owen Kane and Sebastian both have the same views on the Home.In the novel Brother Sebastian father dies and he is left a sum of money from the farm i n which his father owned. Brother Benedict is lecturing about Obedience Obedience, Brother, is a very rare fairness and with no doubt wants Brother Sebastian to stay so the Brotherhood gets the money. From the novel we get the Atmosphere of what the Home was like The walls were painted throughout a pale hospital green and The place was scrubbed and white and dead Like a corpse. First instinctive impressions of the Home are lifeless cold humble and absolutely unpleasant which do not relate to a home at all.Bernard McLaverty uses his scenes to describe the Home and they have a similar description of a hospital The air was full of disinfectant and polish. The contact environment of outside the Home gives a bizarre welcome to inmates. Surrounding the whole complex was a high wire fence that screamed and whistled in the constant wind from the sea A great use of personification is used in this quote and it works to make you feel anything but nice feelings, it makes you feel the Home i s more like a Prison and the boys were not there to be reformed but there for Punishment.At the beginning of this novel I admire Sebastian for being nice to the inmates and especially to Owen who is the youngest of the boys in the Home, suffers from epilepsy and experienced a hard life with his parents. I feel sympathetic for Owen Kane as I believe he wasnt given the opportunity at life before he was entered the Home. Benedict gets all my negatives as I see him for more evil than good. He is a bully to Sebastian, Owen and all the other boys. Brother Sebastian wants to leave because he doesnt believe in by Benedicts duct rue of Kill and cure.He plans to run away and decides to take Owen with him. I believe Sebastian wanted to take Owen with him because he had sympathy for Owen and wanted him to have a better chance at life and he thought he could provide in the manner of a father and son relation Personally I think this was the best finish to make for Owen and him self as both of th em were miserable and living in the Home seemed like a dead end, an everlasting punishment to both of them. He is given the chance to abandon the Home when he receives the money from his fathers farm. With free will Owen agreed to leave.

The Way of the Shepherd Essay Example for Free

The focusing of the Shepherd EssayRegulatory Bodies Checkpoint Basically, a regulative body is a tiered system put together in place to protect investors and banks from cons and scams. It helps to prevent fraud and punishes offenders for things such as insider trading. At the top of this regulatory structure is the United States Congress which is itself the in charge of the SEC or Securities Exchange Commission, this body puts regulations and laws in place which banks, brokers, investors and the Marketplace must abide by, it excessively oversees all operations and releases quarterly and annual reports on the health and direction of the trade and conomy. Next is the NASD or the National Association of Securities Dealers, this is the body that makes policy for the attention i. e. , stockbrokers and industry professionals must abide by and comply with. Last is regulation on the state direct is the state security regulators which also apportions complaints and enforces laws a nd finally the individual brokers and investors. The market is set up is a vendee beware system, though there is a f carry amount of safety measures in place.Individuals should maintain an air of personal responsibility when expend and educate themselves his is the biggest regulatory safety practice of them all. The laws are mainly in place to protect the banks not the individual. It is important to have these institutional organizations in place to keep the market honest or else it could be a free for all. Though I have learned that investing in stocks and bonds is a risky business and should not be a hobby for the inexperienced, much currency target be lost in the blink of an eye and only money that one can afford to lose should be invested.The Way of the Shepherd By maweex Lloyd G. Hernandez MA 302 Two thumbs up for this wondrously written take. This is a guide not Just for wannabe managers but for everyone down from students to ordinary multitude. This is I think could be a guide for a better way to live and interact with people around us. I really had a very well(p) season reading the book and depart be reading this one over and over again. The book is very easy to understand. The summary of the book will lead to the 7 Principles of the Way of the Shepherd 1 .Know the Condition of Your Flock In here the book suggested that to be an hard-hitting leader/manager, it is ele manpowertary to know the condition of your people and the perspective of their work. You get o know them one by one and regularly talk to them. You should endlessly be open to what they say and often ask them on the status of their work and even their life if they wishing to talk about it. 2. Discover the Shape of Your Sheep The 2nd normal teaches us that it is a leader/managers prerogative to choose the right staff/people for his group.A manager has all the chance to take in trade full people and let go of those who are not fit and undoubtedly very big(a) to manage to make flock manage manpowert easier. 3. Help Your Sheep Identify with You The 3rd principle teaches us that an effective leader must always ask from is people the best from them but at the same time showing them that you also is giving the best you can offer. A leader should be a sizable example not Just in words but also in actions. A well(p) manager always reminds their people that without them they cannot do anything.A manager sets good example and does this with compassion because match to the author, great leadership isnt Just professional its personal. 4. Make Your Pasture a Safe Place The quaternary principle suggests that a leader/manager should always see to it that their people are in good hands. Always feed them information either bad or good. It is important that they hear it from their leader starting rather than from others mouth. A leader should treat equal importance to all employees of whatever position they handle and is ready to remove individual who might cause disaster to the group.A good leader is someone who is visible to their people most of the times and is regularly rotating their people for them to be able to mentally compound their 5. The Staff of Direction The 5th principle teaches us that to become a good leader/manager, enjoin people with persuasion rather than coercion is very essential. A good leader ives freedom to their men but always instill in their minds the boundaries and limits to where there freedom is only up to.A good leader gets in the way when their people gets in trouble and reminds them that failure isnt fatal after all. 6. The rod cell of Correction The 6th principle teaches us that to be a good leader/manager it should always be in a leaders mind and disembodied spirit to Protect, Correct and inspect their men. A good leader fghts for their men against attacks from other men but corrects them privately if they found it that it was their mens fault. An efficient leader also sees to it hat he knows th e progress of their men and how they are doing in their works. . The Heart of the Shepherd The last principle could probably be the very important. The author suggested that great leadership is a lifestyle, not a technique. immense leadership always involves the heart of the leader/manager. A great leader always sees to it that what he asks from their men are for everyones good. A good leader asks for something that is Just appropriate for the team. A good leader uses his heart to guide the people around him and makes sure that they are all in good position at all times.

Writing prompts for middle school Essay Example for Free

authorship prompts for middle shallow day EssayImagine that you could overstep advice to someoneit could be someone you know soulfulnessally, a historical figure, or a famous pers on living today. Write an try on that identifies the person and the advice you would give. Choose a fam iliar subject so that you can buoy permit details and elaboration that excuse wherefore this person needs your advice. 2. In an essay, explain how disappointments can devote a good side. 3. Write an essay explaining wherefore someone you c be around is important to you. 4. preen for success is a phrase all of us have heard before, but it means something diametrical to each person.Write an essay explainingwhat dress for success means to you. 5. Write an essay to explain why honesty is important in a tremblership. 6. Through the years untried inventions have changed th e way we live. pretend round one invention that has had an impact on the way you live. Now bring through to explain to your teacher how this invention has changed your life. 7. Write an essay explaining how you changed when you entered middle drill. 8. The amount of graffiti has greatly change magnitude at your school. The members of the school board must find ways to stop the graffiti. Write a com military position in which you fully explain the solutionthe school board could use to solve this problem.9. There are both good things and bad things about trace foring on a team, such as the school soccer team or the school volleyball team. Write a composition for your teacher in which you explain both what is good and what is ba d about playing on a school team. Be sure to explain each point fully. 10. A role model is a person you look up to. Befo re you begin writing, think about someone you look up to. wherefore do you admire this person? Write a composition in which you explain to your classmates whom you admire and why you admire this person. Middle School Persuasive Prompts1. NEW A wealth y donor plans to build a new facility that volition benefit unsalted people in your area.It could be a locomote pool, a theater, a skateboard park, an art school, or any other facility that would provide young people with constructive ways to spend their quantify. The donor is not sure what kind of facility would be most useful. Write a letter to the donor in which you identify the type of facility you would comparable to have built, and pe rsuade her that it is the best choice. Be sure to game your sound judgement with persuade reasons and evidence. 2. Your brain wants to invite a celebrity speaker to your school. sound off about the celebrity you would choose to have speak then, write a letter to persuade your principal to invite this person. Be sure to include convincing reasons and details to endorse your choice. 3. Girls and boys often enjoy playing the same sport. Some people believe that girls and boys should be able to play on the same team. What is your opinion on this paying back? Write an essay stating your opinion and bread and butter it with convincing reasons. Be sure to explain your reasons in detail. 4. It has been said that television has little real educational value.What is your opinion on this issue? Write an essay stating your opinion and supporting it with convincin g reasons. Be sure to explain your reasons in detail. 5. The principal of your school is considering co nducting random locker searches several times a year without permit students know in advance. What is your position concerning this issue? Write a letter to the principal stating your position and supporting it with convincin g reasons. Be sure to explain your reasons in detail. 6. Suppose Congress wants to make a new national ho liday honoring an important person or event. Choose a person or event you would like to honor. Write an essay to convince members of Congress to accept your choice.7. Your principal has asked students to suggest a school rule that shoul d be changed. Think of one rule that you would like to have changed. Write a letter convincing your principal that this rule should be changed. Be sure to support your opinion with convi ncing reasons and evidence. 8. Your school principal is considering a new policy that will require all students to wear uniforms. What is your position concerning this issue? Write a letter to your principal stating your position and supporting it with convincing reasons. Be sure to explain your reasons in detail. Middle School How-To Prompts 1.Write a composition in which you explain how to make something. You force write about a food item, a handcrafted item, or anything else that you know how to make. Be sure to clearly explain each step in the process so that a read er could make the item the way you do. 2. Think about one favorite activity that you enjoy. For example, it could be playing a favorite sport or participating in a hobby. Write a compos ition in which you come apart a friend how t o do your favorite activity. Be sure to include all the details your friend will need to do the activity.Middle School Descriptive Prompts 1. Think about the last time you attended a special event such as a concert, a fair, or a sports event. Describe what it was like to be there and include sights, sounds, and smells that will make the reader tint he or she is there with you. 2. Think of a favorite object that you own. In a descriptive essay, use sensory detailswords that tell how something looks, feels, tastes, smells , and soundsto clearly account this favorite object so that a classmate could picture it. 3. Think of what your school is like at lunchtime. Pick one occurrence place, and picture it in your mind.This place could be large or small. In a co mposition, describe clearly to a friend what theplace is like at lunchtime so your friend can imagine what it is like to be there. Middle School Narrative Prompts 1. Eleanor Roosevelt once said, You must do the th ing you think you cannot do. Write a narrative about a time when you did something you thought you could not do. Be sure to include specific details so that a reader can follow your tommyrot. 2. Think about a time when something unexpected happened.Write a narrative in which you tell about an unexpected event that happened to you or someone you know. Be sure to include specific details so that a reader can follow your base. 3. You have made a very important denudationone that will make you famous throughout the world. Write a story in which you tell about your discove ry and how you made it. Be sure to include details about the ambit and any characters in th e story, and be sure that your story has a beginning, a middle, and an end.4. Think of your best day in school. What happened that makes this day stand out in your memory? Write a story for a friend that tells about what happened on this day in school. Middle School Writing About Literature Prompts 1. Under the Rice Moon tells a story ab out a caged fizzle and a sickly young girl who understand one another. immortalise the story. Then write an essay discussing the storys theme, or message, and how the author uses the bird and the storys characters to express the message. Be sure to include examples and details from the story to support your ideas. Do not however summarize the story. Remember that your response will be evaluated in ii wayson your understanding of the story and on the quality of our writing. 2. The Dinner Party tells a story about a social gathering in India. Read the story. Then write an essay in which you discuss how the author uses the characters in the story to express a message.Support your ideas with examples and details from the story. Do not merely summarize the story. Remember that your response will be evaluated in two wayson your understanding of the story and on the quality of your writing. Middle School Writing About Nonfiction Prompts 1. Read Heeding the Call. Then, write an essay ex plaining how Martin Luther King, Jr. s experiences as a young person shaped his beliefs and actions as an adult. Be sure to include specific entropy from the article to support your explanation. Do not merely summarize the article.Remember that your response will be ev aluated in two waysonyour understanding of the article and on the quality of your writing. 2. Read But Im Not Tired Think about the ideas th e author presents in this article. What changes should schools make to adjust to students sl eep patterns? Write a letter to the principal recommending changes that could be made at your sch ool to adjust to students sleep patterns. Be sure to include specific information from the ar ticle to support your recommendations. Do not merely summarize the article. Re member that your response will be evaluated in two wayson your understanding of the article and on the quality of your writing.

Primary education Essay Example for Free

indigenous education EssayIndia has made large strides in educating its state of to a greater extent than a billion people, yet a lot remains to be done. It is commonplace forthwith that education is twain intrinsically valuable and also instrumental for economic well-being, and this is true for individuals and constitutional nations. No country in the world has been able to develop without the spread of mass education. An educated population is a prerequisite for take-off into high economic growth. carry over 1 in the appendix memorialises literacy rates for India as a whole and by grammatical gender. It also shows the decadal rates of change from 1901 to the present.2 Literacy rates have increased for both males and females, and though the latter continues to lag behind the former, there has been a narrowing of the male-female gap in literacy from 24. 8% in 1991 to 21. 7% in 2001. In 2001, the absolute number of illiterates castigated historically for the first time b y nearly 32 cardinal. In terms of state-wise consummateance, Kerala continues to occupy first rank as it has done historically on the new(prenominal) hand, densely populated states like Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Bihar are yet to overcome their educational inertia. 3The aver term figures for India as a whole hide a great deal of variation among states. Table 2 in the appendix provides literacy rates for states for the years 1991 and 2001, for the population as a whole, by sex and also provides the decadal rate of change. In 2001, Kerala, Maharashtra and Himachal Pradesh had more than 75% of their population of 7+ years literate. On the separate hand, purge in 2001, less than half of Bihars population of seven years and above was literate with female literacy rate except 33. 6%. In terms of zones, states in the South and West best states in the North and East.2. Primary Education Primary education refers to the education of children surrounded by the ages 6-11 years (grades 1-5). Universalization of Primary Education (UPE) is a constitutional purvey in India and there has been a steady expansion in the spread of unproblematic education since Indian independence in 1947. The Indian educational system is the jiffy largest in the world after China. In 2001-02, there were nearly 0. 66 million original election schools in India 1 This study has been undertaken as part of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals Project.2 Before the 1991 census, only those belonging to the age-group 0-4 years were excluded from the population in order to compute literacy rates and the basis of the computation was the entire population. From the 1991 census onward, literacy rates were computed based on the population aged 7+ years and above. 3 In Bihar, Nagaland and Manipur as well as Delhi and Chandigarh, the absolute number of illiterates has increased in the 1990s. 4 providing access to 84% of habitations with a primary school located deep down a distance of one kilometer.Between 1997 and 2002, the raw primary school inscription rate4 for India was 111 for males and 92 for females. The net primary school enrolment rate5 on the other hand was only 78 for males and 64 for females. The net primary school attendance rate between 1999 and 2002 was 79 for males and 73 for females. However, of the children who entered primary school, only 68% handed grade 5 between 1995 and 1999 (UNICEF, 2004). Table 3 provides data on gross primary school enrolments by sex between 1950-51 and 2001-2002.As provoke be seen from the table there has been a steady increase in the numbers of boys and girls attending primary school over time. In Table 4, state-wise enrolment of boys and girls as a parting of their age-group is provided for 1997-1998. Girls enrolment has been steady increasing over time and in 2001-02, nearly 45% of girls in the age-group 6-11 were enrolled in school. These statistics are inspiriting because at least until the 1990s, one of the most dismal aspects of Indias education system was the large percentage of the population in the younger age groups that were out of school.Socio-economic disparities Despite the strong constitutional backing for the provision of primary education in India6 and its expansion over time, the system is characterized not only by utter achievements but also by large unevenness of achievements. Huge gaps remain between rural and urban areas, and the probability of getting any education at all sharply depends on gender, caste and income. Women, schedule castes and tribes and the poor are faced with formidable prohibitions when it comes to getting basic education. Of the 200 million children in the age group 6-14, it is estimated that 59 million are out of school.Of these 35 million are girls and 24 million are boys (Ministry of Human Development, GOI). Apart from socio-economic determinants, the educational infrastructure and the management and the governance of the educational system in India are far from efficient or sufficient. The government is the largest provider of education in India with only some 10% of primary schools owned by the private sector. 7 The quality of education provided by the human races education system is low which translates into low educational abilities even for those who are able to complete primary education cycle.Moreover, there is a lot of waste in the educational system with dropout rates as high as 40% for the country as a whole and in some Indian states, they are as high as 75%. Though the number of primary 4 gross primary school enrolment rate is computed as the number of children enrolled in primary school regardless of age split by the population of that age group. 5 Net primary school enrolment rate is computed as the number of children in that age group enrolled in primary school divided by the population of that age group. 6 In 2002, the Supreme Court of India decreed that free primary education was a constitutional rig ht.7 Around 3% of private schools are aided by the government, which makes government intervention in the education sector even greater. 5 schools in the country increased, more than 1 lakh8 habitations still do not have access to a primary school within a distance of one kilometer. Teacher-pupil ratios are inadequate less than 2 teachers are available in rural areas to teach a manikin size of around 100 students. Teacher motivation and inform incentives are also very weak. India perhaps has the highest rate of teacher truancy in the world. Poverty and Education. a posteriori evidence strongly shows that, both at the take aim of the household as well as at the level of the country, there is a positive relationship between income (and wealth) and educational attainment. More income simply fashion more resources available to spend on the acquisition of education. With more than 250 million people in India victuals on less than a $1 a day, poverty remains a major barrier to educat ional access. Although education is provided free by the government, the cost of uniforms, textbooks and transportation costs are beyond the reach of many households (Tilak, 2004).Added to these direct costs are the indirect (opportunity) costs of wage/domestic labor which children perform and the costs of acquiring education become considerable for households. Graphs 1 and 2 in the appendix show simple regressions of literacy rates for sixteen states against state poverty rates and state per capita income for 2001. As is expected, literacy rates decline with poverty and rise with per capita incomes. State per capita incomes seem to explain literacy rates better than poverty rates.Filmer and Pritchett (2001) using demographic Health Survey data for India find that the gap in enrolment between the highest and the lowest wealth class is as much as 52 percentage points. Gupta (2003) using the 52nd round of National try out Survey data finds that the percentage of people who have cons ummate five years of schooling declines as one descends consumption deciles. In the lowest consumption decile, the proportion of people who have not completed the primary school cycle is greater than 80%. 9 While poverty status and income class are strong determinants of who goes to school and for how long, they do not make up the whole story.Indian states of Kerala and Himachal Pradesh even with fewer resources at their disposal have been able to achieve much better educational and health outcomes compared to rich states such as Punjab and Haryana in India. This is true even when we look at cross-country outcomes. For example, Sri Lanka and Botswana do much better in education and health terms than would be predicted based on their level of resources the Latin American countries do much worse given their resources (Mehrotra and Jolly, 1998). 8 One lakh is equalise to 100,000. 9These graphs are meant to be illustrative of the association between resources and education and do not lead any direction of causality. The relationship between resources and educational attainment is bidirectional. The poor cannot afford schooling. With little human capital, the opportunities to escape persistent poverty are very restricted and the poor can be trap in a low education, low income vicious cycle across generations. A large writings has analyzed both theoretically and empirically persistence of poverty inter-generationally due to lack of resources to invest in education.

Reinforcement Theory Essay Example for Free

Reinforcement Theory EssayQ 1 Identify the practices of organization that atomic number 18 indicating the application of reinforcement theory?Answer1. Focus on proper training before bounteous task to the employees2. Monitoring the performance of employees.3. Formulation of procedures, rules and regulations in detail.4. Strictness in compliance of rules.Q 2 You be required to suggest some measures of positive reinforcement that can be implemented by the way of Crisp Soft restaurant. Answer1. The manager can start a practice to greet the employees and having pleasing conversation with those who came on time at start of day and conduct a small meeting with staff at closing of day and praised and say thanks those who performed good during the day. These practices will decrease latish arrivals and early leaver.2. The management can start Employee of the month award scheme in which at residue of every month letter of appreciation along with small cash price will be give to t he employee how performed well during the month. 3. A roll of honor board should be maintained at salient(ip) place in the restaurant where everyone can see it. The pictures of Employee of the month pasted on that board. Q 3 tax which aim of Maslows hierarchy of need the organization is satisfying for lower level staff and managerial level staff?Explain AnswerAs per Maslows hierarchy of need, there are following five levels of human needs i. Biological Need The basic requirement for survival of human carcass e.g. food, water, air and shelter etc. ii. Safety Need Protection from Cold, Heat, Sand, Storm, Earthquake, Animals, Enemies iii. Social Need love, acceptance, belonging etc.iv. Self Esteem Respect, reorganizationv. Self Actualization challenging tasks,In case of lower level workers the Crisp and Soft restaurant management is satisfying level 1 by providing free meal and uniform, paying salaries at reasonable rate and level 2 by making HVAC arrangement for workers. In case of management staff, the restaurant management is trying to satisfying level 3 along with level 1 and 2 also, by providing good salaries (level 1), good working environment (level 2) and membership of social guild of restaurant to their staff(level 3) where they can attend get to gathers, family dinners etc.

Aphasia Essay Example for Free

Aphasia EssayThe terms jargon aphasia and jargon agraphia describe the merchandise of incomprehensible language containing frequent phonological, semantic or neologistic errors in speech and writing, respectively. Here we describe both patients with primary state-of-the-art aphasia (PPA) who produced neologistic jargon either in speech or writing. We suggest that involvement of the laughingstock superior temporalinferior parietal region whitethorn lead to a disconnection in the midst of stored lexical representations and language output pathways leading to aberrant activation of phonemes in neologistic jargon.Parietal lobe involvement is comparatively unusual in PPA, perhaps accounting for the comparative rarity of jargon early in the argument of these diseases. Aphasia is a communication disorder. Its a result of damage or injury to language parts of the learning qualification. And its much common in older adults, particularly those who have had a stroke. Aphasia gets in the way of a persons ability to use or understand words. Aphasia does non impair the persons intelligence. People who have aphasia may have obstruction public speaking and finding the right words to complete their thoughts.They may alike have problems understanding conversation, recitation and comprehending written words, writing words, and using numbers What Causes Aphasia? Aphasia is usually caused by a stroke or brain injury with damage to one or more parts of the brain that deal with language. According to the guinea pig Aphasia Association, about 25% to 40% of people who survive a stroke get aphasia. Aphasia may also be caused by a brain tumor, brain infection, or dementia such as Alzheimers disease.In some cases, aphasia is a symptom of epilepsy or other neurological disorder. What Are the Types of Aphasia? There are types of aphasia. for each one type stern cause impairment that varies from mild to severe. Common types of aphasia include the following * Expressive aphasia (non-fluent) With communicatory aphasia, the person knows what he or she wants to say yet has difficulty communicating it to others. It doesnt matter whether the person is severe to say or write what he or she is trying to communicate.Receptive aphasia (fluent) With receptive aphasia, the person can hear a voice or read the print, but may non understand the heart of the message. Oftentimes, someone with receptive aphasia takes language literally. Their own speech may be disturbed because they do not understand their own language. * Anomic aphasia. With anomic aphasia, the person has word-finding difficulties. This is called anomia. Because of the difficulties, the person struggles to find the right words for speaking and writing. * Global aphasia.This is the most severe type of aphasia. It is often seen right after someone has a stroke. With orbicular aphasia, the person has difficulty speaking and understanding words. In addition, the person is unable to read or write . * primary feather progressive aphasia. Primary progressive aphasia is a rare disorder where people slowly lose their ability to talk, read, write, and comprehend what they hear in conversation over a period of time. With a stroke, aphasia may break with proper therapy. There is no treatment to reverse primary progressive aphasia.People with primary progressive aphasia are able to communicate in ways other than speech. For instance, they might use gestures. And many take in from a combination of speech therapy and medications. Aphasia may be mild or severe. With mild aphasia, the person may be able to converse yet have trouble finding the right word or understanding complex conversations. Severe aphasia limits the persons ability to communicate. The person may say little and may not participate in or understand any conversation.

Wireless Led Dot Matrix Notice Board Essay Example for Free

Wireless Led Dot Matrix Notice tabular array EssayPOWER SUPPLYPower supply atom power the whole circuitry. Different character of this system requires different vol chamfere levels. This requirement cannot be achieved using a single power arranger or battery. So a power supply consist of dc-dc converter is partd in our project. The DC-DC converted dc power supply can provide 12v dc, 9v dc and 5 v dc concurrently for pomp, discrete IC and micro control condition respectively. The power supply section is also included with bunco circuit protection to prevent system being damaged due to the careless usage or electrical malfunctions. CONTROLLERThe controller used here is PIC 16f877a, which is an 8 bit micro controller used for general purpose medium scale maskings. In our project this device retrieves steers from the RF pass catcher as serial data by its URAT port on a baud rate of 2400 bits per second and stores in its internal data memory. From there it sends the data one by one to ostentation section to introduction it. The scrolling algorithm is also done by means of the program written in the controller. This controller also pass off with the RFID reader to fetch the ID of RFID card brought to its proximity and then retrieves the corresponding registry entry to display it in the display board. The scrolling mental object mode and personal substance mode is switched with help of twain mode switch attached in the display board end. When the switch is in its normal position the message from the PC is displayed and when the switch is in other position the board result display the personal development of thestudent whose card is in the proximity of the RFID reader.DISPLAYThe display used here are decimal point hyaloplasm take. The whole panel consist of 32 displays each one of 57 dot matrix LED. Each character in this display is formed using four such display units. That convey the whole display can show a total of 8 characters at a time. The display is drived and control guide using a ring counter IC 4017. By this IC we select each display independently and their column.It uses persistence of vision to let you drive the 32 led matrixes with but 10 microcontroller creates ordinarily you would accept 32outputs for 32 LEDs besides by using multiplexing and a helper chip you can trace away with 10. LED Display multiplexing simply means turning on one led for a short period of time and doing this repeatedly for each LED. If you do this fast enough then your affectionateness will not notice each flicker.The LEDs are no different to any other LEDs but it saves a huge amount of soldering as all(a) the wiring has been done for you..Or you could wire it up yourself if you cant get hold of the module. Still only need 10 control wires (just wire you leds the resembling as shown in the module diagram). Your eye reacts slowly to changes in lilting intensity so that if a light is turned on and off quickly enough then it does not notice that the light is off. Basically your eye remembers a light pulse for a short time. The approximate time is 20ms so if the light is turned on at a absolute frequency 50Hz (1/20ms) then your eye will not notice any flicker at all. Multiplexing uses this fact to reduce the number of pins needed to drive an LED display.You can do this by splitting the 32led displays into 7 rows and 5columns which lets you drive it using 7 row outputs and 5 column outputs. In fact the 57 led matrix block used here has all the leds arranged in this way already. Each row is driven in turn and as foresighted as all of the rows are driven within a time period of 20ms it will expect as though the LEDs are on continuously. To turn a specific led ON, data is output to the column drivers when a row is driven. To save more pins it is common to use a helper chip and in this project it is a Johnson counter (a 4017). This generates a walking one every time that its clocked.Since you only want one row on at a time it is the ideal chip for this application. In this project when the 4017 has been reset it outputs logic high at Q0 which is not connected so during reset the 4017 does nothing.This allows you to use the column driver port for approximatelything else if you want to when you are not driving the LEDs.To drive the 4017 all you need is two pins one for reset and one for clock. So to fully drive the 32 matrix led display you need only 4 4017. The most difficult thing about using the dot matrix LED display is defining the characters. Basically for ASCII characters you need an array of 128 blocks each having 8 column data numbers. The usual way is to get out a piece of graph paper and arrange your characters by drawing blocks where a pixel is on. You then translate each line into bewitch (binary to hex is very easy) and then transfer this information to your program radical code.RFID READERRFID is used here to execute the personal information display. RFID technique helps the system for identifying each student with the help of a unique ID given over to each student. This reader is capable of powering and reading data from an RFID card which is brought ot its proximity. It has a transmission section through which it sends the received data to controller. The range of this RFID is approximately about 10 cm so that it can neutralise unwanted detection of RF polaritys.In our system RFID system consists of a reader and one or more tags. The readers antenna is used to transmit radio frequency (RF) qualification. Depending on the tag type, the energy is harvested by the tags antenna and used to power up the internal circuitry of the tag. The tag will then modulate the electromagnetic waves generated by the reader in order to transmit its data back to the reader. The reader receives the modulated waves and converts them into digital data. In the case of the Parallax RFID Reader staff, correctly received digital data is sent serially thr ough the SOUT pin. There are two major types of tag technologies. Passive tags are tags that do not go for their own power source or transmitter. When radio waves from the reader reach the chips antenna, the energy is converted by the antenna into electricity that can power up the microchip in the tag (known as parasitic power).The tag is then able to send back any information stored on the tagby reflecting the electromagnetic waves as described above. Active tags have their own power source and transmitter. The power source, usually a battery, is used to run the microchips circuitry and to broadcast a emblem to a reader. repayable to the fact that passive tags do not have their own transmitter and must reflect their signalize to the reader, the reading distance is much shorter than with active tags. However, active tags are typically larger, more expensive, and require occasional service.The RFID Reader Module is designed specifically for low-frequency (125 kHz) passive tags. Frequency refers to the size of the radio waves used to communicate between the RFID system components. Just as you tune your radio to different frequencies in order to con different radio stations, RFID tags and readers have to be tuned to the same frequency in order to communicate effectively. RFID systems typically use one of the following frequency ranges low frequency (or LF, around 125 kHz), high frequency (or HF, around 13.56 MHz), ultra-high frequency (or UHF, around 868 and 928 MHz), or microwave (around 2.45 and 5.8 GHz).Here we are using an RFID Reader Module with a single TTL-level. The current consumption of the module will increase dramatically when the module is active. A visual indication of the state of the RFID Reader Module is given with the on-board LED. When the module is successfully powered-up and is in an crazy state, the LED will be GREEN. When the module is in an active state and the antenna is transmitting, the LED will be RED. The face of the RFID tag s hould be held parallel to the front or back face of the antenna (where the majority of RF energy is focused).If the tag is held sideways (perpendicular to the antenna) youll either get no reading or a poor reading. Only one transponder tag should be held up to the antenna at any time. The use of multiple tags at one time will cause tag collisions and confuse the reader. The two tags available in the Parallax store have a read distance of approximately 3 inches. genuine distance may vary slightly depending on the size of the transponder tag and environmental conditions of the application. When a binding RFID transponder tag is placed within range of the activated reader, the unique ID will be transmitted as a 12-byte ASCII string via the TTL-level SOUT (Serial Output) pin in thefollowing formatRF RECEIVERThe RF pass catcher is used to receive RF wireless signals which are transmitted fro the pc section and feed it to the controller. This recipient works in the principle of ASK t ransition, an analogue modulation technique to implement digital transmission. This receiving system has an active antenna. It works with power of 5V and sink a current of 0.1 mA. The maximum baud rate permissible with this receiver is 2400 bps. For efficient operation we uses 1200 bps. The range of this receiver is with in 100 mtrs. But it can be extended to kms be increasing the power of transmitter .PC SECTIONPC section contains application software which is used to interface with the computer. This application has a textual matter box where we can enter the message to be displayed in the notice board. On hitting the send button the data in the text box is transmitted to the display board wirelessly.RS 232 TTL CONVERTERThe signal obtained from th PC is of RS 232 standard. Which means the signal from the PC will be in the range of +12 to -12V level. For the transmitter and the controller to understand the signal it should be in the range of 0 +5 V. so the signal should be level converted before transmission. For this level conversion we use MAX 232 IC. This IC is dedicated for RS 232 to TTL level conversion. With the help of some discrete components this IC can convers the level to ttl logic.RF TRANSMITTERRF transmitter transmits the digital signal generated by the level converter through space as electromagnetic waves. The transmitter uses ASK modulation technique. The range varies up to 100mtrs. The power varies from 5V to 12v. The more the power supply voltage the more will be its quality and range.

Structural Theories Essay Example for Free

Structural Theories auditionMotives are believed to be the reason behind the action of people. Whether negative or positive, they are the cause of an individual(a)s action. Since motives help us better recognize why a person would do something, a lot of research has been committed to understanding the pattern of people or group of peoples motives. Knowledge of patterns is polar to many aspects of human behavior but especially those relating to crime. Knowing a pattern helps one to predict, and hopefully help educate others on future crimes. The research of crime is so extensive that researchers have created non only theories but also various subculture theories of crime. Subculture possibility of crime is a influence of theories arguing that real groups or subcultures in society have values and attitudes that are conducive to crime and military unit. Subcultural theories of Cloward and Ohlin, Wolfgang and Feracuti, Elijah Anderson, and Walter moth miller aim a great dea l of insight on why different groups of people choose to look at in the crimes that they participate in.Although these theories are broad and shed light on what certain groups will charge to crime, it is not an exact science. A lot of these theories come along with critiques that question the basic points the researchers are act to prove. Cloward and Ohlin theorized cocksucker opportunity structures, which argues that in order for someone to obtain and take advantage of the most honor love child opportunities, aspiring delinquents often need an in. Within the illegitimate opportunity structure in that location are different subcultures and cub cultures. Cloward and Ohlin go on to split people into different subcultures of criminals who do not have an in. The subcultures of the criminal structure that are tined are Conflict subculture, appointment gang, retreatist gang, and retreatist cub culture. Those who sum in Conflict subculture turn their frustration at failure in both the legitimate and illegitimate opportunity structures into violence and those that are in gangs aim to make money through a variety show of illegitimate avenues. While conflict gangs engage in raving mad activities, doing whatever is necessary to maintain their place in the streets andfinally retreatist gangs are considered double-failures no success in either legitimate or illegitimate opportunities turn to drugs. Some critiques to Cloward and Ohlin have been that they fail to realize that the different subcultures hindquarters overlap. For example, gangs involved in conflict subculture often deal in and use drugs, and make large sums of money in the process.Unlike Cloward, Ohlin, Wolfgang and Feracuti, Walter Miller argued that crime is simply an extension of normal working class values, not a distinctive set of alternative values. Miller argued that the lower classes create their different value system as a reception to the monotony of working class jobs and a life of pove rty. Working-class subculture is a mechanism full of processes, which set aside working-class people to cope with their situations. He termed this focal concern. These focal concerns are fate, autonomy, trouble, excitement, smartness, and toughness. Due to the fact that these characteristics can be distributed throughout society, Walter Millers possibleness is thought to be too fixated on working class values. His theory also has too much of a focus on boys.Wolfgang and Feracuti argue the subculture of violence they believe that violence is a product of conformity to a pro-violent subculture that is in direct conflict with the dominant culture. They suggest that violent fight backions to perceived threats to reputation or honor are culturally prescribed, given that a failure to react defensively may result in life-threatening consequences. These researchers even go on to apply this theory outside of disadvantaged neighborhoods, such as the American south, athletes, and postal wor kers. Still critiques feel as though Wolfgang and Feratuci infer the existence of subcultures of violence based on statistical indicators of high rates of violence in poor racialized neighborhoods. Another important critique is that not everyone follows the values and norms of violence. This critique was then explored in Andersons study. He revealed street and decent value orientations among families in Philadelphia neighborhood.In Elijah Andersons code of the street he proposes that the highrates of violence amongst inner-city residents can be attributed to a code of the streets. This code, he notes, functions as a set of informal rules governing interpersonal public behavior that encourages the use of violence for the purposes of maintaining honor and defend reputation. Just like Cloward and Ohlins Conflict gang subculture and Wolfgang and Fercutis subculture of violence, Anderson believes that crime occurred in certain neighborhoods in order to maintain status and respect. Howeve r new improvements on this contemporary theory were added when Anderson included the variations of families that lived at heart this pro-violent culture. He concluded that while both contingents experience the hardships of race and class oppression, rather than dwelling on the hardships and inequities facing them, Anderson argues, civil individuals tend to accept mainstream values more fully than street families and make the go around of what they have (Anderson, 1999 38). Although this theory goes on to prove that not everyone in a pro-violent environment upholds the same values, it fails to wrap up the specific processes that had led the residents of Germantown Avenues inner city to embrace pro-violent values and attitudes.Subcultural theories do not adequately explain racial disparities in crime. All these theories have a focus on African-Americans in impoverish areas. The subcultural theories offered also have a concentration on street crime. No theory seems to offer reason a s to why the elite commit white-collar crimes. Furthermore these various subcultures that focus on pro-violent cultures do not give insight on how the pro-violent cultures came to be in the first place.

ROLE OF INTERNAL AUDITORS IN RISK MANAGEMENT Essay Example for Free

ROLE OF INTERNAL AUDITORS IN jeopardize MANAGEMENT EssayEffectiveness of inborn scrutiniseing of institutions and bodies formed under Acts of Parliament has been less canvas and report in the literature. The pack is focuse in examining the relationship between the employees attitude and perception and the essential scrutinizes exitiveness in delivering on their roles in a rapidly evolving environment and semi globes aw arness of their roles. The main aim of this interrogation field of ingest is to better understandand treasure the effect of employees attitude and perception on the military strength of intrinsic canvassed account in public institutions, with National accessible Security Fund as a causal agent take aim. A survey of taked 425 employees willing be undertaken and the results of the three-figure and qualitative survey findings will be reported.The interrogation is designed to be conducted using both three-figure and qualitative go aboutes by use of literature re heap, survey, and case study. information will be collected from the chosen sample through structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews as well as review of available documents and records targeting members of the midland Audit. Data will be analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 11.0 tool, which is a figurer based automated statistical tool and conclusions drawn from the findings of the study, recommendations will be made which will help institutions to determine ikon shift in attitude and perceptions by employees necessary to keep the interior scrutinise as an rough-and-ready captious mold relevant in the future for robust public welkin fiscal counselling and arrangement to assist brasss achieve their goals.CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.0 Background to the psychoanalyze.Tradition alone(a)y, inside analyzeing in the public celestial sphere served as a candid administrative procedure to ensure c ompliance and it comprised chiefly of checking for accuracy of transactions, pre-payment verification and control, counting assets and reporting on past events to various levels of management. However, combinations of reckons in the social-political and economic preaching globally draw led to greater citizen awareness and participation in the public sphere of influence governance. As a result, public institutions are moving towards higher levels of transparency, efficiency, account qualification and integrity in the use of public resources.Consequently, the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA, 1999a) redefined midland scrutiniseing as . an independent, objective assurance and consulting activity designed to add observe and advance an nerves operations. It helps an organization accomplish its objectives bybringing a remainsatic, discip verged approach to evaluate and modify the intensity level of risk management, control, and governance processes. This definition signifi es that versed examine has undergone a effigy shift from an emphasis on accountability about the past to improving future outcomes to help auditees go much effectively and efficiently (Nagy and Cenker, 2002 Stern, 1994 Goodwin, 2004). Since, the definition equally serves both the occult and the public sectors (Goodwin, 2004), it is used in this study as a basis to analyze public sector internal audit long suit. Internal audit is effective if it meets the intended outcome it is supposed to bring about. Sawyer (1995) states, internal auditors job is not done until defects are corrected and remain corrected. Van Gansberghe (2005) explains that internal audit effectiveness in the public sector should be evaluated by the extent to which it contributes to the demonstration of effective and efficient service delivery, as this drives the occupy for improved internal audit services.Traditionally, ineffectiveness of internal audit has been as a result of understaffing, incapable and nonprofessional staff and underfunding. Despite invigorated internal audit function with sufficient well trained, competent and professional staff topped up with equal to(predicate) funding in the public sector institutions such as National Social Security Fund (NSSF), and being charged with responsibilities of advising management on issues of policy and compliance, accountability, financial reporting, safeguarding of assets, risk management, prevention of antic and on economic and efficient use of resources (PFA, 2003) there are continued incidences of budget deficits, unpaid utilities, unremitted pensions, unproductive investments, irregular payments, unaccounted for monetary resource, loss of pension cash, non compliance with policies and procedures and general distraction of funds. A report by the Auditor General tabled in Parliament in June, 2013 indicated savers could have mazed billions of shillings in dubious transactions and shady land deals (SNP, June 6, 2013).Ther e is urgent need to identify critical success factors to enable the internal audit to perform effectively the roles for which it is intended in the public sector financial management and governance.1.1Statement of the ProblemPublic sector institutions have functional well funded internal audit departments with well qualified and professional staff whose role is to picture the management with re-assurance that internal controls systems are adequate and that they are complied with, that risk exposures are identified and addressed, and that fraud is quickly identified and inherently deterred. However, internal auditors have continued to be ineffective as envisaged by continued incidences of fraud and corruption, abuse of authority and immediately financial mismanagement of massive scale due to perception and attitude issues towards their work. This precipitates the extendd risk of financial failure of the institutions, poor and compromised service delivery, public agitation and poli tical disaffection towards the government of the day. Little has been enquiryed on the effect of employees perception and attitude on the effectiveness of internal auditors. This study therefore is meant to straddle that gap by finding out to what extent the employees perception and attitude is attributed to ineffectiveness of the internal auditors thus affecting the delivery of assurance services central to organization achieving its objectives.1.2Purpose of the ResearchTo determine paradigm shift in employees perception and attitude necessary to keep the internal audit as an effective and critical function relevant in the future for robust public sector financial management and governance.1.3Objectives of the ResearchThe inquiry will be guided by the following objectives1. To determine the effect of perception and attitudes on the effectiveness of internal audit in the public sector financial management and governance.2. To identify value addition services required to enhance re levance and effectiveness of the internal audit function in the public sector. 3. To identify the measures that would enhance or maintain better perception and more positive attitude by employees towards internal auditors.1.4Research QuestionsThe research questions of this study shall be1. How does employees perception and attitudes towards internal auditors affect internal audit effectiveness in the public sector financial management and governance? 2. Which value addition services are required to enhance relevance and effectiveness of the internal auditors and in effect ensuring they are perceived well? 3. What steps can be taken to ensure the employees continually maintain a positive perception towards the internal auditors so as to achieve organizational goals?1.5Significance of the StudyThis study seeks to generate useful insights on how managing employees attitude and perception affects internal auditors effectiveness which then can be used by the government and public instit utions. This promotes effectiveness in the role of internal audit functions in the public sector financial management and governance by addressing the employees attitude and perception. It can also be used by researchers for further research as this is a new area to be studied.1.6 Basic assumptions of the studyIt is assumed that the respondents would be co-operative and provide perfect information when responding to the research questions. It is also assumed that the sample size to be chosen will be adequate to enable the researcher draw valid conclusions about the population.1.7Limitations of the studyTime constraint is a limiting factor because the study has to be concluded within a short time. Availability of funds is also a limiting factor to the study since the researcher is self sponsored. There is also no assurance that the respondents would return all the questionnaires duly completed, neither is there a guarantee that the subjects would respond to all the questions put for ward to them comprehensively. The answers of some(prenominal) respondents whitethorn not be existative of the whole population. The condition of the subjects may affect their responses as emotions may be involved thusaffecting their accuracy in responding.1.8Delimitation of the studyThe study shall be restricted to three Branches of National Social Security Fund, within Rift valley region. The study shall focus on how effectiveness of internal audit functions in public sector financial management and governance are affected by employees perceptions and attitudes. Public sector may be defined to take the Central Government, the courts, the National Assembly, the Senate, Constitutional Commissions, County Governments and institutions and bodies formed under an Act of Parliament. For precision and focus, the direct of this study shall be restricted to public sector institutions formed under an Act of Parliament and case study is NSSF. Literatures on other independent variables are not to be studied as this research is to be narrowed down to employees perceptions and attitudes solitary(prenominal). Due to time constraints and the budget, population to be studied is only narrowed down to NSSF staff which is convenient to the researcher within the province. On the methodology to be used, telephone interviews wouldnt be applied as it is unreliable, the employees may not cooperate, and is expensive than a candid subject to face interview where all staff may be met in the same place as per their convenience.1.9Organization of the studyChapter one provides a background on internal audit effectiveness, statement of the problem, purpose and objectives of the research, research questions that the study looks forward to answering, significance of the study, basic assumptions of the study, limitations to the study and delimitations of the study. Chapter Two outlines the various schools of thought on what constitutes internal audit effectiveness and factors affecting it, as expounded in various literatures available. Chapter three outlines the research design and methodology used for purposes of completing the study. It also describes in details research design, target population, sample, sampling procedure and entropy collection instruments. Chapter four will contain data digest, presentation and interpretation while chapter five shall provide a summary of findings, discussion, conclusions and recommendations. This is followed by references and appendices sections.CHAPTER TWOLITERATURE REVIEW2.0 IntroductionThis chapter is will cover critical review of literature by other scholars and writers in relation to and the implication of employee perception and attitude on internal audit function and its effectiveness in the public sector financial management and governance.2.1 Internal Audit FunctionInternal auditing is an independent, objective assurance and consulting activity designed to add value and improve an organizations operations (IIA, 20 02). It helps an organization accomplish its objectives by bringing a systematic, disciplined approach to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of risk management, control, and governance processes (Collier, etal, 1991). With this description forming a foundation, the essential characteristics of an effective internal audit function can be framed.According to Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA, (1999), internal audit is an important part of the incarnate governance structure within an organization. Corporate governance includes those oversight activities undertaken by the board of directors and audit commissioning to ensure the integrity of the financial reporting process. Three monitoring mechanisms have been identified in the embodied governance literature. They are external auditing, internal auditing and directorships (Anderson et al, 1997 William, 2000) as well as the audit Committee (IIA, 2003).2.2Internal Audit EvaluationEvaluating the internal audit function is to examin e how well it can detect errors within an organization as well as fraud that have received greater emphasis (Rittenberg Anderson, 2006). The internal audit function is an important function that has been shown to add value and reduce detected errors by external auditors (Godwin, 2003 Carcello, 2005). Farber (2005), discover that the objective of internal audit function is to improve on the effectiveness of risk management, control and governance. genus Nestor (2004) sight that internal audit function is taken to be an important governance tool to nurture corporations from internal criminal behavior. Further, the professional literature suggests that internal audit is a vital tool in fraud detection when assets are misappropriated by employees or outsiders (Carcello et al, 2005b Rittenberg and Anderson, 2006). As a result of the increase in accounting scandals in recent years, the internal audit function has received impressive attendance as an important contributor to effective p ublic sector financial management and governance.Furthermore, the issue of effectiveness of internal audit is indispensable because it will create improvement in the government ministries (Unegbu Kida, 2011). In line with this, devotion over the criterion of the effectiveness of internal audit function keep receiving significant challenges, consisting the finding of the best and relevant method for measuring the efficiency and effectiveness of internal audit (Bota Palfi, 2009 IIA, 2010 Spertus et al, 2010). In this vein, measurement of internal audit effectiveness should be assumeed because it has a role to play in achieving public sector objectives. Therefore, Arena and Azzone (2010), Chaveerug (2011) and Mihret et al, (2010) emphasize the need for future studies to examine the factors that influence internal audit effectiveness and the realizable interactions among them. Equally, it is interesting to focus on the model that will lead to the strength of internal audit effecti veness (Aguolu, 2009). Consequently, many studies that have been conducted on internal audit effectiveness give more concern to private sector and the central government and its various ministries and departments. Internal Auditing of institutions and bodies formed under Acts of Parliament has been less studied and reported in the literature.2.3Internal audit effectivenessThe word effectiveness have been defined by divers(prenominal) researchers, for instance Arena and Azzone (2009) defined effectiveness as the capacity to obtain results that are consistent with targets objective, while, Dittenhofer (2001) view effectiveness as the ability toward the achievement of the objectives and goals. In the same context, a program can be seen as effective if its outcome goes along with its objectives (Ahmad et al, 2009 Mihret et al, 2010). In this situation, internal audit effectiveness meansthe ability of the internal auditor to achieve the set uped objective within the public sector insti tution.This goes along that the objectives of an internal audit for every organization depend on the goals set out by the management of the organization (Pungas, 2003) as such, the objective of internal audit in public sector institutions should also go a long with the set up goals by the management of the particular institutions and Acts of Parliament that established them. With regard to that, the internal audit should be able to achieve the established objective in order improve the executing of the organization. Consequently, to determine whether the internal auditing function is operating effectively or not, some things have to be considered which include identification of the basic objective of internal auditing define the goals to be accomplished by the internal auditing and establish measures that will assist toward the achievement of those goals (Aguolu, 2009 Dittenhofer, 2001) while Cassandra et at (2008) argued that in order to achieve internal audit objective, three bas ic conditions must be satisfied i.e. independence organizational status and objectivity, also (Feizizadeh, 2012) consideration was that, for an internal audit function to achieve high levels of effectiveness these four items must be consider goes along with stakeholder needs achieves best to his abilities complies with relevant professional standards and operation measures.Thus, Beckmerhagen et al (2004) also argued that the audit effectiveness should not be measured based on achievement of the audit objectives or on the telephone number of findings of the internal auditor alone, but also more important is to determine the quality and suitability of the audit plan, execution and follow-up. Similarly, Shareholders have the power to remove any internal auditor that is ineffective (Dhamankar Khandewale, 2003). This should also be the case in public sector, where internal auditors that are not effective despite the provision of all necessary measures that might have improved their ef fectiveness, should be removed by the stakeholders.Generally, researchers have also indicated some of the reasons behind the ineffectiveness of internal audit to include ineffective management controls, non clear definition of objectives by some organizations and inadequate support from top management (Ahmad et al, 2009 Dittenhofer 2001Unegbu Kida, 2011). Therefore, in line with their findings, the implications of an ineffective internal audit in a public sector management can lead to the possibility of the emergence of fraud low or non compliance with internal policies and procedures ineffective financial decision for successful operation (Unegbu Kida, 2011). Hence, the effective internal audits carry out an independent evaluation of the financial and operating information and systems and procedures with a view to provide good recommendations for improvements (Mihret Yismaw, 2007 New Delhi, 2006). That is why proper internal organization is also essential factor that lead to the achievement of internal audit effectiveness. Similarly, internal audit effectiveness can also be enhanced by ensuring consistency in the documentation of audit work, quality of reporting and proper capital punishment of their recommendation (Mihret Yismaw, 2007).Therefore, having such effective internal audit within organization, will automatically helps to achieve performance and profitability and prevent in loss of revenues particularly in public sectors (Vijayakumar Nagaraja, 2012), even though Pilcher Gilchrist and Singh (2011) observed that efficiency and effectiveness of audit in a public sectors context is more complex than in the private sectors.Several studies have been conducted on the internal audit effectiveness. For example the study carried out by Ahmad et al (2009) on the effectiveness of internal audit in Malaysian public sector, using simple percentage for data analysis found the lack of audit staff is ranked as the major problem faced by internal auditors in c onducting an effective internal auditing. The study concluded by suggesting that future studies should adopt other methods such as field survey of wider groups of internal auditors both in public and the private sectors. Likewise, Theofanis, et al (2011) examine the relationship between element of internal control system and internal audit effectiveness and the result of the study reveal positive relationship between the both relationships.Even though the studies used only 52 Hotels in Greek as a sample and mail survey for data collection, but at conclusion they suggest that if future studies should carried out research on internal audit effectiveness with large sample, the result will be better than their own. in any case Feizizadeh (2012) carried out study on strengthening internal auditeffectiveness and found that most of the companies measure and quantify the performance effectiveness of their business activities. Therefore, looking at the above studies, they consider the eff ectiveness of internal audit at companys level, hotels and banks ignoring such effectiveness at local level. In this vein, this study extends the previous study through examining such effectiveness at public sector institutions and mainly on the employee perception and attitude which many did not cover.3.4 Conceptual fabricFigure 1 Conceptual Framework of factors influencing Internal AuditCHAPTER THREERESEARCH METHODOLOGY3.0IntroductionThis chapter will focus on the methodologies used for the study which will include research design, study area, identification of the target population, sample selection method and size, data collection techniques, data analysis methods and the anticipated constraints.3.1 Research designThe study will adopt a cross sectional survey design where both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis will be used. The respondents will be selected from different departments within the branch this includes managers, Internal Audit, Hum an Resource, education technology staff, Finance and Accounts staff of NSSF.3.2Scope of the studyThe study will be carried out at NSSF Branches at Nandi Hills, Kericho and Sotik in Rift Valley Region. All information and respondents targeted to participate in the study are expect to be easily accessible in the offices situated in these places. Other variables will not be considered in this study. It is limited to the attitude and employees perception3.3PopulationThe public sector in Kenya constitutes the central government and the affiliate ministries and departments, the county governments and the related departments, the courts, constitutional commissions and institutions and bodies formed through Acts of Parliament. It is the single largest employer of internal auditors, but the target population for this study within the NSSF will include and be stratified as Branch Managers, Accountants, and other staff, totaling 425 possible respondents.3.4Sample alternative and SizeA purpo sive sample is used. Accordingly a survey type of research will be adopted in which a sample from the target population will be used for the study. The total staff population in NSSF is 1455. To arrive at the sample size for the purpose of this research study, a sample size calculator is used. By putting the confidence level at 95% and a confidence interval of 4, the sample size needed to be selected is from the 1455 employees will be 425 which represent 29.2% of the sample target population. This represents an average of a third of the total number of members of staff and will be representative enough for this research. It is distributed as shown in the table belowComposition of staff with NSSF Kenya for the purpose of the research working. CategoryTarget PopulationTarget SamplePercentage of target populationManagers